戰國시기를 중심으로 본 信관념의 변화 - 제주지역 공유재 연구를 위한 담론Ⅱ - (THE ALTERATION OF NOTION OF TRUST(信) in the the Warring States period - A Preliminary Studies about Public Management of Nature in Jeju Ⅱ -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 제주대학교 탐라문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 탐라문화 / 46호 / 75 ~ 96페이지
· 저자명 : 정창원

초록

“공유재(common pool resources)의 사용과 관리”는 역사적 관점에서 접근하자면 “사회적인 약속 - 信”이라는 관념적 기초에서 파생된다고 말할 수 있다. 다자간의 의식 속에 함유된 信의 관념이 유지될 때 비로소 공유재의 사용에 대한 사회적 약속 또한 합리적인 구속력을 유지할 수 있을 것이다.
춘추시대 인식된 信의 관념은 그 시대에 흐름에 따라 변화를 가져올 수밖에 없었을 것이다. 信의 윤리도덕에 내재된 의미는 외부의 열악한 시공과 환경으로 좌절될 수 없지만, 현실정치의 이해와 충돌하였을 때에는 信의 관념이 희생되는 면도 없지 않다. 그러나 信이라고 하는 윤리도덕에 내재하고 있는 의미는 여전히 사람이 처세하고 사회적 합의를 이루는데 있어서 중요하고 영원불변한 기본덕목일 것이다.
춘추전국시대의 정치발전은 ‘信’에 대한 관념이 변하고 있음을 뚜렷이 보여주고 있다. 이러한 현상의 형성은 두 가지 신흥세력인 종횡가와 병가와 밀접한 관계가 있는데, 종횡가와 병가의 공통 목표는 모두 국가로 하여금 강성하게 하는 것이었고, 그들에게 있어 중요한 것은 바로 어떻게 하면 패하지 않는 위치에 서는 것일까라는 점이었다. 현실정치의 환경에 처해서도 그들은 ‘信’의 도덕적 관념을 지킬 수 없었고, 또한 그들의 행위는 전국시대 ‘信’을 중시하지 않는 기풍을 형성하게 하였다. 秦의 통일에 따라 ‘信’의 관념은 도구적인 용도로 변하여 통치의 방법이 되었고, 그 이전시기와는 다르게 도덕적 범주를 벗어났다. 진은 법에 의거하여 국가를 세웠기 때문에 자연히 법가적 통치방법을 계승하였다. 법가는 ‘信’을 국가 통치의 도구로 삼았고 군주가 ‘信’이 있어 여러 도덕적인 역량에 호소하지 않는 것이 신민을 다스리는데 이로웠는데 이는 당연히 통일제국의 출현과 관련이 있다.
춘추시대부터 전국시대까지 ‘信’의 관념은 확실히 변화를 보였다. 그러나 변화의 과정 중에는 또한 영원불변의 부분을 내포하고 있기도 하다.

영어초록

In the study of continuous management of common pool resources that Jeju National University Research Team aims, the use and management of common pool resources can say to be derived from ideological basis "Social commitment - Trust (信)". When the idea of Trust (信) in consciousness of multilateral maintains, the social commitment for common pool resources will also be able to maintain reasonable binding force.
Trust (信)" exists as actual personal morality for a very long time. However, the Trust (信) becomes the notion of real morality from the Spring and Autumn period, and the Confucianists (儒家) succeed and complete the ideological system in the pre-Qin period. Many pre-Qin period schools have different point of view for the Trust, but basically, they agree that the Trust (信) is an important moral ethics.
The idea of Trust (信) during the Spring and Autumn period would be forced to bring the change, depending on the age. However, during the process of change, it also involves the part of eternal unchange. The notion of morality, which the Trust (信) includes, has construction-transcendent eternity. In other words, it has a part of a constant perpetuity. Inherent meaning of ethics of Trust (信) cannot be frustrated by external construction and environment, but when it confronts the understanding of real politics, the concept of Trust (信) may sacrifice. However, the inherent meaning of the Trust (信) is still important and eternal unchangeable basic virtue in getting along with people and achieving social consensus.
As reaching the Warring States Periods, the period spirit becomes more cunning and odd, and so it seems to be recognized that winning the victory by using the trick and force has direct effect. To make favorable circumference of their country, the countries repeat lying and breaking the Trust among them. Therefore, the Trust (信) cannot discuss no longer in this situation. The vow also seems to become almost collapsed. As the result of not believing in each other, the universe unification of the Qin Dynasty (秦) finally could be completed.
The political development of spring-autumn period and Warring States Periods shows clearly that the idea of Trust (信) is changing. The formation of this phenomenon is closely related in political strategists (縱橫家) and military strategist in ancient China (兵家). The common goal of them is to make it rigid, and the important thing for them is how to stand at the position that does not defeat. They could not keep the moral ideas of Trust (信) in real politics, and also their actions build the spirit that does not concern the Trust (信) of the Warring States Periods important. According to he unification of Qin (秦), the concept of the Trust (信) is changed to instrumental use and becomes method of ruling. Unlike the previous period, it deviates from the moral category. Jin establishes the nation under the laws, so it succeeds in Legalists(法家) ruling methods. The Legalists (法家) make the Trust (信) as a tool for governing country. It is beneficial to govern the subjects if does not complain to the moral capability. This is, of course, related to the emergence of a unified empire.
From the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States Period, the idea of Trust (信) shows definite change. However, during the process of change, it also implies the part of the eternal unchange.
As describe above, the try for exploring the understanding of ideological change of the Trust (信) is for providing historical background to search fundamental elements of common pool resources' sustainable use and management. Thus, I expect to the historical information above is provided as a basis to the current conflict elements in Jeju community that the Jeju National University SSK Research Team tries. I also hope that it becomes historical background for original searching of current social conflicts through exploring the conscious change of Trust (信) after the Spring and Autumn period.

참고자료

· 없음