교과서에 나타난입북송승(入北宋僧)·헤이안(平安)시대 대외관계기술에 관한 특징과 전개 고찰 -국정 일본사 교과서를 중심으로- (A study of descriptions of the monks who went to Northern Song China in history textbooks: By focusing on the descriptions of Japan's foreign relations in the government-designated textbooks)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국일어일문학회
· 수록지 정보 : 일어일문학연구 / 98권 / 2호 / 255 ~ 276페이지
· 저자명 : Teshima Takahiro

초록

本稿は、入北宋僧に関する記述を中心に、平安時代の対外関係が教科書の なかにどのように描写されたのかを跡付ける試みの一端である。本稿では特 に、国定期の日本史(国史)教科書を主な検討対象とする。小学校用国定教科書 (1903-1946)のうち、第5期までの5種には、入北宋僧や日本-北宋関係記述のみ ならず、遣唐使停廃記事も見られない。第5期教科書(1940)からいわゆる「国風 文化」関連記述が登場するが、894年の遣唐使廃止は、同文化成立の契機とし て、少し遅れた第6期(1943)から言及されるようになる。他方、入北宋僧の活 動をはじめとする国風文化隆盛期の対外関係は、同時代(平安中後期)の社会· 文化とは結び付けられず、一つ後の時代と関連付けられた(なお、高等小学校 用国定教科書の場合は、国風文化記述と遣唐使廃止記述の結びつく時期が早 まる)。戦後教科書など検定のものには、平安中後期の叙述部分に入北宋僧の 活動が記される場合もあるが、当該時代の対外的閉鎖性·消極性を示す存在と して描かれ、「遣唐使廃止(中国の影響減少)→国風文化成立·展開」図式をむし ろ強調するものであった。なお近年、彼らが教科書に詳しく取り上げられる 場合もあるが、上記図式に影響するものではなく、渡海·巡礼活動自体の史的 意義や同時代文化への影響などの評価は棚上げにされたまま、国風文化(日本 独自の文化)に「国際色」を添える役割を与えられている。

영어초록

In this paper, the author investigates how monks who made voyages to Northern Song China were described and how Japan's external relations in Heian period(894-1185) were stated in history textbooks. Especially, this paper focuses on the government-designated textbooks for ordinary primary schools in the early 20th century(1903-1946), because we can see simply the outline of the history of Japan through the textbooks.
The textbooks of 5 versions that were published between 1903 and 1942 did not mention to Japan's external relations in 10th and 11th century, as well as the monks' contemporaneous voyages to China. In addition, the textbooks published in this period did not even mention to the famous subject of abolition of Kentoshi(envoys to Tang China) in 894. A description about the abolition of the envoy first appeared in the sixth version textbook(1943), after the appearance of the description about 'native Japanese culture' which is called Kokufu Bunka in the fifth version. In other words, the definition of '[the abolition of Kentoshi] → [formation and flourish of so-called Kokufu Bunka which was unaffected by China]' became established in the government-designated textbooks. On the other hand, Japan's contemporary external activities such as monks' voyages were not written in the textbooks so as not to have influence on the definition above. Furthermore, the textbooks for higher elementary schools also suggest the same kind of development as ordinary primary schools'.
On the other hand, the monks were sometimes described in authorized textbooks.
But even in these cases, explanation for historical significance of their voyages and pilgrimages was suspended and they were only written to show negativity or passivityof the late Heian period, which was to emphasize the definition above. And in recent years, the monks appeared in textbooks to give Kokufu Bunka an impression of international culture without revision of the definition above.

참고자료

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