18세기 ‘時’와 ‘俗’ 관련 용어의 변화와 그 의미 (Changes that ‘Shi/時’‧‘Sok/俗’-related terms went through during the 18th century, and the meaning of those changes)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국실학학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국실학연구 / 15호 / 65 ~ 106페이지
· 저자명 : 이경구

초록

용어ㆍ개념은 일반 의미 외에도 현실ㆍ역사적 맥락을 반영한 사회성을 지닌다. 따라서 사회 변화는 용어 사이의 의미 투쟁을 동반하였다. 본고는 18세기 사회 변화에 조응한 용어의 의미 변화를 ‘시(時)’ ‘속(俗)’에서 파생한 용어를 통하여 살펴보았다. 시(時)에서 파생한 용어는 전근대의 보편적 시간 관념을 상당 부분 공유하고 있었다. 그런데 유학(儒學)에서는 인간이 직면한 상황 속에서 적절한 행동 규범을 찾는 데에도 주안점을 두었다. 한편 유학에서 속(俗)은 성속(聖俗)의 대립보다는, 단일한 세계 속에서 중층 구조를 갖는 문화로서의 의미가 강하였다.
17세기 조선은 의리 규범의 재확립을 통하여 지배 체제의 재안정을 성공적으로 구현하였다. 하지만 18세기 국내외의 정세가 안정되고 문물이 흥기하자, 시(時)ㆍ속(俗)에서 파생한 용어의 의미가 달라졌다. 사회에서는 ‘당대의 풍속ㆍ문화’란 가치중립적 의미였던 시체(時體)라는 용어에 새로운 의미를 부여하였다. 그것은 유행을 따르는 풍조, 기강의 해이 등이었다. 국왕, 지식인은 사회가 시체에 휩쓸리는 풍조를 우려하였다. 그 풍조를 지적하는 용어는 유속(流俗)이었다. 유속은 외물(外物)에 유혹되어 본심(本心)을 잃은 상태로 때론 이단보다도 더 해악(害惡)시되었다. 사상에서는 시의(時宜)를 강조하여 기존의 절대 기준인 의리관을 상대화하였다. 의리의 상대화 노력은 주로 노론의 낙론(洛論) 학자들이 주장하였다. 이익(李瀷)을 비롯한 남인 학자들은 사회의 흐름 즉 형세(形勢)를 통찰하여 시의를 구현하자고 주장하며 구체적 현실에 주목하였다.
정치에서 시(時)에서 파생한 용어는 절대불변의 의리를 중시하는 붕당 정치 구조를 타개하는 데에 쓰였다. 영조는 자신의 의리ㆍ명분을 중심으로 뭉치는 사대부를 시체당(時體黨)이라 비판하였다. 정조는 반대였다. 그는 의리의 새 기준으로 시의(時議)를 제시하고 사대부가 동참할 것을 촉구하였다. 정조의 노력은 국왕의 의리를 따르는 시파(時派)와 사대부 의리를 고수하는 벽파(僻派) 사이의 분화를 가속화시켰다. 문학에서 속(俗)과 관련한 새로운 용어는 나타나지 않으나 속세(俗世)를 긍정하는 사고가 나타나고 있었다. 그것은 18세기 중반 이후 조선이 이룩한 문화에 대한 자부심에 기반하여 현실을 긍정하는 사고와 짝하였다. 특히 박지원(朴趾源)은 아속(雅俗) 혹은 고속(古俗)의 허구성을 간파하고 현실 즉 속세 자체를 긍정하였다.
사회에서 문학에 이르기까지 나타났던 용어의 의미 변화는 17세기 조선이 지녔던 규범 즉 의리의 절대성을 붕괴하는 데로 향해 있었다.

영어초록

Terms and concepts not only contain the original meanings of their own but sometimes also reflect the reality and trends of the time in which they are used. That is why social changes are always accompanied, by people's fighting over the issue of defining the meaning of a particular term, or even monopolizing that term for their benefit and advantages.
In this article, terms that originated from concepts such as 'time(Shi/時)’ or ‘customs(Sok/俗)’ are examined, in order to determine how meanings of such particular terms or concepts were altered due to social changes that occurred in the 18th century. Terms originated from the concept of 'time' usually mirrored the people's traditional premodern view of time. Yet Confucian scholars also sought for appropriate code of behaviors, and tried to implement them in humans' lives. And to them, the concept of customs did not mean 'secular' ones, but rather a structure of culture, with many layers.
The Joseon society in the 17th century successfully re-stabilized the ruling structure of the dynasty by reestablishing a model of behavior based upon righteousness and morality. Yet coming into the 18th century, when both domestic and foreign situations started to stabilize even more and the Joseon society became more than capable of sustaining cultural prosperity, terms originated from concepts like 'time' and 'customs' began to go through some changes, in terms of their meaning.
The term 'time's norm'(Shichae/時體) had originally referred to 'the customs and culture of the time'. Therefore, it was essentially a value-free term. But a new meaning was imposed upon it, and the term came to mean 'the trend of seeking to embrace the fashion of the time', or 'the time of disciplines' being slackened'. Kings and intellectuals were concerned that the entire society was being engulfed in such an undesirable environment produced by their time. And the description they used to point out such condition was 'swept away in fashions'(Yusok/流俗). It referred to a state in which one is seduced by an exterior factor and lose its original state of mind(本心), and at times such condition was considered to be far more dangerous for an individual, even than believing in heresy. Philosophers, mostly the Nakron/洛論 scholars of the Noron/老論 party, put emphasis upon the term 'time's value'(Shieui/時宜) and brought a certain relativity, a stance of seeking for relativity, to the existing view of righteousness and morality, which had previously served as the absolute standard in human behavior. In the meantime, Namin scholars including Lee Ik/李瀷 argued that people should examine the current situation, the flow of the society(形勢), and support the task of bringing 'value of the time' to reality. And as such efforts, they started to examine people's real life situations.
In the meantime, in politics, terms that originated from the concept of 'time' seem to have been used in reforming or even dismantling the Party politics system of the time, which was based upon the traditional view that considered the absolute, unchanging moral righteousness as a value above anything else. King Yeongjo criticized the Sa-Daebu figures(scholar officials), who tended to gather with people who shared the same cause and same perception of moral righteousness, as '(mere) parties of the time(Shichae- dang/時體黨). On the other hand, King Jeongjo presented 'time's value'(時議) as a new standard for gauging moral righteousness, and urged the Sa-Daebu figures to join his efforts. Jeongjo's efforts in the end accelerated the diverging process between the Shi-pa/時派 faction, which accepted the moral righteousness standards laid out by the king, and the Byeok-pa/僻派 faction, which followed the traditional version of moral righteousness of the scholar officials.
From the society of literature, there were hardly new terms related to the concept of 'customs', but a perspective that exhibited a positive view of secular aspects of life(俗世) started to emerge. Such new perspective was joined by the perspective that viewed quite positively the reality of the time because of their own pride in the culture that Joseon had nourished since mid-18th century. For example, Park Ji Weon/朴趾源 discounted the concepts such as 'beautiful customs'(Asok/雅俗) or 'age-old customs'(Gosok/古俗), as he considered them to be disguised ones, and rather viewed the reality, the secular side of the people's lives, very positively.
Changes that occurred in the meaning of the terms, which were in progress throughout many areas including the society itself and also literary activities, were starting to bring down the ultimate and absolute belief in moral codes of behavior that prevailed in the 17th century.

참고자료

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