조선후기 울산 鶴城李氏 가계의 향리 이탈과 사족화 – 향리 위상의 변동과 관련하여 - (Transformation of the Ulsan Area's Hakseong Yi House(鶴城李氏) Members: Their Escape from the Local "Hyang'ri" Clerk status, and their transformation into "Sajok" figures, in the latter half period of Jos)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고문서학회
· 수록지 정보 : 古文書硏究 / 40권 / 81 ~ 109페이지
· 저자명 : 이종서

초록

학성이씨는 15세기에 鄕吏 출신인 이예(1373~1445)의 공로로 면역을 허락받았으나 일부만 士族으로 전환하고 일부는 울산에서 그대로 향리직을 수행하였다. 이후 향리 가계는 사족 가계와 마찬가지로 항렬별로 돌림자를 사용하는 등 부계의식을 강화해 나갔다. 그러나 임진왜란 이후 돌림자가 소멸하였다. 더불어 武科에 급제하여 사족으로 전환하거나 免鄕하여 鄕吏를 벗어날 자격을 인정받았다. 免鄕한 가계는 임진왜란 이후에도 호장, 기관을 담당하다가 1660년을 마지막으로 향리직에서 이탈하여, 1668년에 최초로 간행된 족보에 이예의 적계 후손으로 수록되었다. 15세기에 이예의 후손이 士族과 吏族으로 분화한 것은 울산 지역에서 吏族의 위상이 士族과 대등했음을 알려준다. 임진왜란을 전후하여 학성이씨 향리가계에서 돌림자가 사라진 것은 향리의 위상의 하락으로 향리가계가 정체성을 포기하게 되었음을 알려준다. 그리고 사족 주도로 족보 편찬이 이루어진 것은 향리의 위상이 더욱 하락하는 계기가 되는 동시에 향리직에서 이탈하여 사족으로 인정받을 수 있는 기회가 되었다고 생각된다. 이에 ‘면향’한 이후에도 향리직을 수행해 오던 가계마저 더 이상 호장과 조문기관을 내지 않고 족보에 등재됨으로써 사족의 위상을 확보했다고 볼 수 있다.

영어초록

In the 15th century, some of the members of the Hakseong Yi House were 'exempted' from public service, as one of the members of the House, a man named Yi Ye(1373∼1445) was recognized for his exemplary service as a local clerk("Hyang'ri," 鄕吏). Yet while those people were transformed into literary "Sajok(士族)" figures, the rest of the House continued to serve as local clerks in the Ulsan area. And people in the House who remained as local clerks also continued to use 'letters pre-designated for each of the generations' in their names, just like the people who newly became Sajok figures, trying to enforce the patrilineal aspects and principles inside the family.
Yet after the war with the Japanese which devastated the Korean peninsula in the 1590s, the practice of inserting letters pre-designated for each generation ceased to exist. Also, many people who had remained as local clerks were presented with new ways to escape such restraints, like applying for a martial art exams(武科). They even became Sajok figures themselves and escaped their own local boundaries("Myeon'hyang," 免鄕). And people who continued to serve as local clerks even after the war, finally escaped such former obligations for good in 1660 as well. We can see that from the fact that they were recorded as Yi Ye's legitimate descendants in the Genealogy Record of the House, which was published for the first time in 1668.
The fact that Yi Ye's descendants diverged into two groups, the Sajok Group and the Local Clerk group(吏族) in the 15th century shows us that in the Ulsan area the social status of both groups were practically the same. And the fact that the pre-designated letter system was dropped in the Hakseong Yi House's Local Clerk lineages after the end of the war seems to have something to do with the fall of the local clerks' social status, and the in-house Local Clerk lineage's decision to finally let go of its very own identity.
Projects of publishing genealogy records led by the Sajok figures accelerated the fall of the status and image of the local clerks, and even served as a propellant for the people who had remained as local clerks to make up their minds to escape such constraints and finally become Sajok figures. Even the people who continued to serve as local clerks after allegedly and apparently escaping such constraints no longer produced Ho'jang figures or other ranks for local services. Instead they got to be registered in the House's official genealogy records, and obtained the status of Sajok figures.

참고자료

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