552년 백제의 한강유역 포기[棄]와 신라ㆍ고구려의 밀약설(密約說) (Baekje's Resignation of the Hangang Basin and the Secret Treaty between Silla and Goguryeo in 552)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고대학회
· 수록지 정보 : 선사와 고대 / 40호 / 139 ~ 163페이지
· 저자명 : 강민식

초록

백제 성왕은 고구려의 공세를 막아내고, 가야세력의 이탈을 막아야 하는 이중의 과제를안고있었다. 이러한위기를극복하기위해성왕은공동의적을 구체화하여신라혹은가야와왜세력을끌어들여연합전선을형성해나갔던것이다. 이탈과배반을 막고전쟁을통해영향력을 강화하려는 의도였다.
성왕은 541년 신라와의 동맹 이후 가야지역에 대한 적극적인 정책으로 전환하면서 대가야를 영향력 아래에 둘 수 있었고, 신라와 함께 고구려에 대한 적극적인공세에 나서게 되었다.
그것은 고구려내부에 사정을 적극 활용한 것이었지만, 상대적으로 신라의 도움 없이는 불가능한 상황을 고려한 것이었다. 이러한 백제의 한계를 간파한 신라는 백제에게 참전에 따른대가를 요구하게 되었고 이에 따라 백제는 550~551년 전역(戰役)의 결과로 얻은 상당 부분의 영토를 할양하게 된 것이다.
한편 544년 이래 성왕이 끊임없이 고구려와 신라의 공모를 언급한 것은 가야와 왜 세력을영향권 아래 두려는 시도였다. 실제 551년까지 대고구려전에신라가 포함된 연합군을 형성할 수 있었고, 이후 관산성 전투에도 가야와 왜의 병력을 동원할 수 있었다. 따라서 한강유역회복 후 백제가 한성 평양지역을 포기하고 왕녀를 시집보낸 일 등이 단순히 신라와 고구려의 밀약에 따른 후퇴라기보다는 동맹의 실체였던 것이다.
결국 관산성 전투는 주변 정세에 따라 신라를 끌어들여 고구려를 공략하고 가야지역에대한 우위를 차지한 후 신라에 대해 공세로 전환한 사건이었다. 그동안의 외교활동을 통해대가야와 왜 연합군을 이루어 마침내 신라에 대한 총공세를 단행한 것이다.

영어초록

From the beginning of King Seong's reign, Baekje suffered from Goguryeo's militaryattacks, and after being defeated by Goguryeo in the Battle of 529, Baekje moved itscapital. King Seong had two important missions: he had to defend Baekje from Goguryeoon the one hand, and he had to keep Kaya from breaking away on the other. In orderto overcome the crisis, King Seong carried out a dual foreign policy. Clearly indentifyingthe mutual enemy, he formed an alliance with Silla or Kaya and with Japan. This was tofortify its power through war as well as to prevent the severance of the alliance.
From the year 523 to 538, Baekje kept two war fronts. On the northern front, Baekjewas struggling with Goguryeo's attacks, and on the southern front, it was in conflict withKaya over the occupation of the Sum-Jin Basin. Baekje conducted a non-violent campaignin the Anla region; however, after Geum-Gwan Kaya surrendered to Silla, it fell into adifficult situation. After the year of 541, Baekje implemented an aggressive foreign policyin the Kaya region. As a result, Baekje was able to put Dae Kaya under its control. Also,after the annexation with Silla, Baekje launched aggressive military assaults againstGoguryeo. Baekje was able to do this by taking advantage of Goguryeo's state of internalaffairs at that time. However, it would have been impossible if it were not for the help ofSilla. Silla, recognizing the importance of its role, demanded compensation for its militaryassistance, and Baekje ceded Silla a large portion of territory that it had gained between550 and 551.
In the mean time, King Seong constantly claimed that Baekje was being attacked by theallies of Goguryeo and Silla, with the intent to draw Kaya and Japan into its forces.
Through this strategy, Backje, until 551, was able to form an alliance that included Silladuring the battles with Goguryeo, and to mobilize troops from Kaya and Japan during thebattles with Silla.
Hence, it is problematic to view Baekje's resignation of Hansung and Pyongyangand the marrying of its princess to the King of Silla as an act of retreat, simply aresult of Silla and Goguryeo's secret treaty. Although the treaty was for the mutualinterests of Silla and Goguryeo, as evidenced in the erection of the Hwangchoryongand Maunryong steles(568), it is problematic to view Silla's occupation of the HanBasin and its northeastern territorial expansion after the Gwansansung Battle simply as aresult of the secret treaty with Goguryeo. To conclude, the Gwansansung Battle wasintended to be a turning point for Baekje. It was a battle in which Baekje planned toattack Goguryeo with the help of Silla, to take Kaya under control, and then, to attackSilla.

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