고려시기의 行營兵馬使에 대한 고찰 (The Field Commander System(行營兵馬使制) of the Goryeo Dynasty)

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초록

The Field Commander system(行營兵馬使制) of the Goryeo dynasty was devised to effectively execute military operations against intrusions by other polities, disturbances by rioters especially in its northern area, Yang gye(兩界) province. This system officially appeared in 1047 with the representative title, Field Commander(行營兵馬使), which was originally called Daebeon Byeongma(大番兵馬), and soon changed to Haeng-yeong Dotongsa(行營都統使), to Haeng-yeong Byeongma Dotongsa(行營兵馬都統使). Since the title, Haeng-yeong Dotongsa appeared in the historical records first as early as in 1010 among above mentioned names, we could assume that the Field Commander system was instituted in no later than 995. It was a temporal role which could be dismissed once the mission had been cleared as Haeng-yeong(行營) of Haeng-yeong Dotongsa carries sense of temporal.
The highest post of the Field Commander system was a Supervisor of Field Commanders(判行營兵馬事) which was usually assigned to the Grand Councillors(宰臣). The following posts were：Field Commanders(行營兵馬使) which were usually assigned to the Junior Councillors(樞密) or the officials of the third rank(職事3品官), Manager of Field Operation(知行營兵馬事) assigned to the third ranks, Vice Field Commander(行營兵馬副使) assigned to the third or fourth ranks, Controller of the Field Office(行營兵馬判官) assigned to the sixth or seventh ranks, and the Administrative Officer of the Field Office(行營兵馬錄事) for the officials on probation. A post, Director of the Field Office(行營兵馬別監), also appeared in the beginning of the twelfth century.
This Field Commander system shares the same structure as well as the same functions with the Commander system(兵馬使制). The only difference was that the Commander Office for the Commander system was a regular institution of the dynasty unlike the Field Commander Office that was instituted on occasion. The main goal of each office pursued was to execute operations successfully by commanding military units. It was highly possible that their goals might have collided with each other. The Goryeo court, however, managed to harmonized the two systems by appointing officials for one office for a single occasion between the two systems. Or, sometimes one official had been appointed as a Supervisor of commanders with the duty of the Field Commander；sometimes appointed as a Commander and a Field Commander at the same time.
Then, why the Goryeo court maintained the two similar systems? The two systems worked on the base of 'checks and balances'；the two commander systems operated collaboratively while they restrained each other's power going excessive. Moreover, the Goryeo court also instituted the Commander in Chief(都兵馬使) which took charge of general military affairs. After all, the military authority of the Yang gye province, the northern border area of the dynasty, was controlled by three major commanderships.

영어초록

The Field Commander system(行營兵馬使制) of the Goryeo dynasty was devised to effectively execute military operations against intrusions by other polities, disturbances by rioters especially in its northern area, Yang gye(兩界) province. This system officially appeared in 1047 with the representative title, Field Commander(行營兵馬使), which was originally called Daebeon Byeongma(大番兵馬), and soon changed to Haeng-yeong Dotongsa(行營都統使), to Haeng-yeong Byeongma Dotongsa(行營兵馬都統使). Since the title, Haeng-yeong Dotongsa appeared in the historical records first as early as in 1010 among above mentioned names, we could assume that the Field Commander system was instituted in no later than 995. It was a temporal role which could be dismissed once the mission had been cleared as Haeng-yeong(行營) of Haeng-yeong Dotongsa carries sense of temporal.
The highest post of the Field Commander system was a Supervisor of Field Commanders(判行營兵馬事) which was usually assigned to the Grand Councillors(宰臣). The following posts were：Field Commanders(行營兵馬使) which were usually assigned to the Junior Councillors(樞密) or the officials of the third rank(職事3品官), Manager of Field Operation(知行營兵馬事) assigned to the third ranks, Vice Field Commander(行營兵馬副使) assigned to the third or fourth ranks, Controller of the Field Office(行營兵馬判官) assigned to the sixth or seventh ranks, and the Administrative Officer of the Field Office(行營兵馬錄事) for the officials on probation. A post, Director of the Field Office(行營兵馬別監), also appeared in the beginning of the twelfth century.
This Field Commander system shares the same structure as well as the same functions with the Commander system(兵馬使制). The only difference was that the Commander Office for the Commander system was a regular institution of the dynasty unlike the Field Commander Office that was instituted on occasion. The main goal of each office pursued was to execute operations successfully by commanding military units. It was highly possible that their goals might have collided with each other. The Goryeo court, however, managed to harmonized the two systems by appointing officials for one office for a single occasion between the two systems. Or, sometimes one official had been appointed as a Supervisor of commanders with the duty of the Field Commander；sometimes appointed as a Commander and a Field Commander at the same time.
Then, why the Goryeo court maintained the two similar systems? The two systems worked on the base of 'checks and balances'；the two commander systems operated collaboratively while they restrained each other's power going excessive. Moreover, the Goryeo court also instituted the Commander in Chief(都兵馬使) which took charge of general military affairs. After all, the military authority of the Yang gye province, the northern border area of the dynasty, was controlled by three major commanderships.

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