致使、非致使状态变化(COS)比较研究 ― 英语、韩语和汉语之比较 (A Comparative Study on Changes of States (COS) of inchoative and causative morphology - Comparisons of English, Korean and Chinese)

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초록

Bybee(1985)认为，人类语言的形态系统上很多词汇之间存在对称关系，即一个基础形态词能衍生出来另外一些词，而这些基础形态和派生来的词汇之间往往也有语义上的关联。曾经有不少西方学者(Hale&Keyser 1993、Haspelmath 1993、Levin 2004等)分析了英语非致使／致使状态变化(COS)动词之间的形态关系，且他们都认为两者之间严格受到了系统性制约。其中，Haspelmath(1993)以英语、法语、德语、希伯来语、阿拉伯语等21种语言为研究对象，试图找出这些语言里存在的非致使／致使状态变化的对应形式。但是，韩语和汉语不在他的研究范围之内。从语言类型学的角度讲，虽然英语、韩语和汉语都属于不同的语言类型，分别是屈折语、粘着语和孤立语。加上，从致使结构类型看，英语、韩语属于适用词缀等形态手段的形态型，而汉语则属于适用词汇谓语形式等的分析型语言。因此实际上把这三种语言的语法形式比较起来是不容易的。但是，从普遍语言学的角度看，虽然这三种语言是不同类型的，而在其同一的语法现象里肯定会存在一些共性与个性的。因此，本文把普遍语言学为思想基础，且以类型学和形态学为理论基础，把英语、韩语和汉语为研究对象，试图找出这三种语言的非致使/致使状态变化形式之间的共性与个性。

영어초록

Bybee (1985) believes that there is a symmetrical relationship between many words in the morphological system of human language, that is, a basic morphological word can derive other words, and these basic morphologies and derived words are often semantically related. Many Western scholars (Hale & Keyser 1993, Haspelmath 1993, Levin 2004, etc.) have analyzed the morphological relationship between English inchoative/causative change of state (COS) verbs, and they all believe that the two are strictly subject to systemic constraints. Among them, Haspelmath (1993) uses 21 languages such as English, French, German, Hebrew, and Arabic as the research object, trying to find out the corresponding forms of inchoative/causative COS in these languages. However, Korean and Chinese are not within the scope of his research. From the perspective of linguistic typology, although English, Korean, and Chinese belong to different language types, they are inflectional, cohesive, and isolating. In addition, from the perspective of the type of causative structure, English and Korean belong to the morphological type that applies morphological means such as affixes, while Chinese belongs to the analytic language that applies lexical predicate forms. Therefore, it is actually not easy to compare the grammatical forms of these three languages. However, from the perspective of universal linguistics, although these three languages are of different types, there must be some generalizations and individuations in the same grammatical phenomenon. Therefore, this article takes universal linguistics as the ideological basis, typology and morphology as the theoretical basis, and takes English, Korean, and Chinese as the research objects, and tries to find the generalizations and individuations between the inchoative/causative COS forms of these three languages.

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