경주 월성북고분군의 형성과정과 신라 마립간시기 왕릉의 배치 (The Formation of the Wolseong North Burial Ground in Kyeongju and the Location of the Silla Royal Tombs of the Maripgan Period)

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· 저자명 : 최병현

초록

경주 월성북고분군은 동쪽 인왕동지구에 원삼국시대 후기의 목곽묘들이 축조되면서 서기 2세기 후반부터 형성되기 시작하였다. 고분군은 단계적으로 서진하였는데, 신라조기 말인 4세기 전엽에는 월성로서쪽까지, 신라전기 초 적석목곽분이 축조되기 시작하는 4세기 후엽에는 지금의 대릉원지구 동단에 이르렀다. 이후 지상에 봉분을 남긴 적석목곽분들이 그 동서로 축조되어 오늘날까지 남아 있다.
월성북고분군은 적석목곽분이 축조되기 시작할 때쯤에 대릉원지구를 포함한 북쪽의 A군과 그 남쪽의B군으로 분화되었으며, 대형분들은 주로 A군에 축조되었다. A군에서 대형분 밀집구역의 동쪽에 자리한 초대형분들의 분포는 기획에 의한 의도적인 배치의 결과로 보이는데, 그 중심에 황남대총이 있다.
경주 최대의 고분인 황남대총은 신라 17대 내물왕릉이며, 그 앞 동쪽으로는 그의 父와 祖父의 묘가 대형의 高塚으로 축조되었는데, 『삼국사기』의 기록으로 보아 이들은 내물왕의 장자인 눌지왕이 435년에修葺한 園陵일 것으로 판단된다. 황남대총과 그 남북에 위치한 고분들은 크게 3개의 지군을 이루고 있는데, 북쪽의 노서동 125호분부터 시작되는 일군(A-1군), 황남대총과 그에 근접하여 있는 일군, 그리고그 남쪽의 황남동 106호분(전 미추왕릉)부터 황남대총 서쪽 천마총까지의 대형분들 일군이 그것이다.
이 중 노서동 125호분은 19대 눌지왕릉으로 추정되며, 그 서쪽으로 조성된 A-1군은 그의 직계 후손들의 고분군으로 여기에 20대 자비왕릉과 21대 소지왕릉이 포함되어 있을 것이다. 황남대총을 가운데 두고 노서동 125호분과 대칭으로 남쪽에 위치한 황남동 106호분은 지증왕의 祖父인 내물왕자의 墓로 추정된다. 여기서 시작하는 남쪽 일군은 그의 직계 후손들의 고분군일 것이며, 남쪽 일군에 속하면서 황남대총 바로 서쪽에 위치한 천마총은 22대 지증왕릉으로 추정된다. 황남대총과 근접하여 일군을 이루고 있는 고분들은 왕위를 계승하지 못한 내물왕자와 그 후손들의 무덤들일 것이다. 이와 같이 월성북고분군의 대형분들은 내물왕과 그에서 분지된 소집단들에 의해 형성된 것이다.
월성북고분군 B군은 내물왕계가 아닌 실성왕계의 고분군일 것이다. 그중 가장 동쪽에 있는 대형분인 교동 119호분이 실성왕릉으로 추정된다.

영어초록

This paper examines the formation process of the Wolseong North BurialGround (situated on the flat lands of central Gyeongju) and the Silla royal burialgrounds of the Maripgan period. The Wolseong North Burial Ground began tobe established in the late second century CE (the late Proto-Three Kingdomsperiod) with the construction of wooden chamber tombs in the Inwang-dongsector, located in the eastern section of the burial ground. The burial groundbegan to expand westwards over time, extending to the west of Wolseong-ro bythe early forth century (the Incipient Silla phase). By the late fourth century, inthe earliest stages of the Early Silla phase, when wooden chamber tombs withstone mounds first made their appearance, the burial ground came to extend tothe eastern end of the present day Daereungwon Tomb Complex. Subsequently,wooden chamber tombs with stone mounds, with their characteristic moundslocated above-ground, came to be constructed to the east and west of the preexistingburials.
Around the time that the construction of the wooden chamber tombs withstone mounds began to take place, the Wolseong North Burial Ground cameto be divided into the northern A Group and the southern B Group, with theformer containing the large-scale tombs. The location of the ultra-large moundedtombs found clustered in the eastern part of the A Group — with HwangnamDaechong (the Great Tomb of Hwangnam) at its center — appears to have beendeliberate. Hwangnam Daechong, which has been fully excavated, is believed tobe the tomb of King Naemul, the 17th Silla king. Constructed to its east are thelarge-scale mounded tombs of his father and grandfather; based on the recordsof the Samguk Sagi, it is assumed that these tombs were enlarged and improved by in 435 CE by King Nulji, who was King Naemul’s eldest son and heir.
Located to the north and south of Hwangnam Daechong are the moundedtombs of present day Noseo-dong, Nodong-dong and the Daereungwon TombComplex. These tombs form three groups: the first group begins with NoseodongTomb No. 125 to the north (Group A-1), the second group consists ofHwangnam Daechong and the other tombs of the Daereungwon Tomb Complexthat are located nearby, and the third group begins with Hwangnam-dong TombNo. 106 to the south and continues to Chonmachong Tomb (Hwangnam-dongTomb No. 155), which is located to the west of Hwangnam Daechong.
Of these tombs, Noseo-dong Tomb No. 125, which belongs to Group A-1to the north and is located at a distance away from Hwangnam Daechong isbelieved to be the resting place of the 19th Silla King Nulji, King Naemul’s eldestson and heir. The tombs of Group A-1, located to the west, are those of KingNulji’s direct descendents; they include the tombs of the 20th Silla King Jabi andthe 21th Silla King Soji. Demonstrating a symmetrical layout (with HwangnamDaechong at the center) to the northern Noseo-dong Tomb No. 125 (believedto be King Nulji’s tomb) is the southern Hwangnam-dong Tomb No. 106, whichis thought to be the tomb of King Jijeung’s grandfather, who was a son of KingNulji. The southern group which begins with this tomb can be interpreted asbeing comprised of the tombs of his direct descendants. Of the tombs of thissouthern group, Chonmachong Tomb, which is located directly to the westof Hwangnam Daechong, is believed to be the final resting place of the 22ndSilla King Jijeung. The tombs that are found clustered in close proximity toHwangnam Daechong are thought to belong to one of King Naemul’s princeswho did not succeed to the crown, and his descendants.
It is thus possible to suggest that the large-scale tombs of Wolseong NorthBurial Ground were constructed for King Naemul and several descendantgroups that branched out from him. The tombs of the southern B Group, on theother hand, are likely to have been built for the 18th King Silseung and his directkin, who was not descended from King Naemul but ruled the Silla Kingdomuntil he was dethroned by King Nulji. Of these, Gyo-dong Tomb No. 119, whichis a large-scale tomb located at the eastern edge of the group, appears to havebeen the final resting place of King Silseung.

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