북양정부시기 군벌관료자본의상공업에 대한 투자 (The Investment of Warlord’s Capital on the Commerce and Industry in the Baiyang Government Times)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 부산경남사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와경계 / 109호 / 405 ~ 452페이지
· 저자명 : 임지환

초록

북양정부시기 군벌관료자산가들은 그들이 재임시 축적했던 막대한 양의 재부를 중국의 상공업에 대대적인 투자를 진행하였다. 그들이 외상은행에 휴면상태로 예치되어있던 엄청난 양의 재부를 중국의 상공업발전에 투자하기 시작했던 것은 제1차 세계대전 발발과 함께 소비수요가 많았던 면방직업이나 식품업 등과 같은 생필품가격이 폭등을 하게 되자 더 많은 치부를 위해 이들 경공업에 대해 대대적인 투자를 개시하였다. 그런데 군벌관료의 투자활동이 성공할 수 있었던 요인은 1900년대에 들어 화북 각 지역에 조성되기 시작했던 광범한 공업원료기지의 확산과 철도망의 확충과 같은 운송체계의 혁신이 중요한 역할을 하였다.
군벌관료들의 투자활동은 20세기 초 중국경제에 대단히 중요한 영향을 미쳤는데 우선 경진지역, 특히 천진시의 상공업발달에 결정적인 영향을 미쳤고 그와 함께 상공업에 대한 대대적인 투자로 인해 중국의 금융산업 역시 자연스럽게 발달하기 시작하였다. 그리고 그들의 투자활동은 중국의 민족공업이 움틀 수 있는 계기를 마련해 주었다. 그러나 상공업발전에 대한 투자재원이 군벌관료에게서 유래하였다는 태생적 한계로 인해 기업운영에 대한 군벌관료의 반봉건적 사고와 경영의 미숙 등으로 인해 1930년대 중국의 민족공업이 쇠퇴의 길을 걷는 한 원인이 되었다.

영어초록

During the Baiyang government times, Chinese government officials and warlords began to make an investment on the industry and commerce. In the early 20th century, Chinese industrial development was deeply linked to the investment of warlords and government official. regardless incumbent and retired officials. Their investment was of wide range, from north-east area of China, across north China, to central china in Yangtze river. Their investment for the establishment of enterprises had a characteristics to be focused on Hobei province, especially Tianjin. Hobei province had the geographical advantage that the raw materials in operating the enterprises could easily be supplied and the commercial goods and industrial products transported to all parts of China by taking advantage of well-organized railway networks. Besides that, as Tianjin was Chinese commercial and industrial center in the Ming and Ching dynasty, Hobei province could have had well-developed infra-structure for the industrial development in the early 20th century. This kind of geogriphical advantage made it possible for government and warlords to easily make their industrial investment. It is very noticeable that they began to invest independently, by taking advantage of a large amount of wealth they accumulated through extortion and illegal means while they served as incumbent official, without the establishment of joint-stock company with foreign capitals.
There were several factors that made it possible for warlords and government officials to lead their investment to be successful in a short period time. First of all, with outbreak of the first world war, the transition of international trade conditions provide them a very good economic environment for their investment on Chinese industry. Second, in the early 20th century, the expansion of railway network revolutionized the transportation of commercial goods and industrial raw materials. The large amount of industrial raw materials, collected from various areas of North China such as cotton, wheat, fur etc, could easily be transported to industrial complex without geographical hindrance, and lots of industrial products produced from factories could also be easily supplied to various areas in North China.
Second, constant investments to produce industrial raw materials, such as cotton, wheat, and fur, had been made since the end of Ch'ing dynasty. Especially foreign capitalists made a large amount of investment in the northwestern area of North China to collect fur. The cotton producing districts which covered a wide range of North China prompted the rapid development of textile industry, and the expansion of fur collecting districts into Northwest China contributed to developing the leather industry in China.
The warward's investment to Chinese industry had an effect on the Chinese economy. To begin with, in order to establish large factories, a large amount of investment could be made in the textile, flour, and chemical industries, mainly by the warlords and government officials. The investment of warlords and government officials could contribute not only to take the lead in promoting Chinese national industries in China, but to put a stop to foreign capital's penetration into the Chinese industry. Besides, the rapid development of Chinese industry, due to the large-scaled investment of warlords, prompted the Chinese banking industry in 1920-30s.

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