조양북탑 탑부조상의 도상 연구 (An Iconographic study of reliefs on Chaoyang North Pagoda)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 미술사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 미술사연구 / 27호 / 190 ~ 234페이지
· 저자명 : 성서영

초록

The Chaoyang North Pagoda was the Big Pagoda of Yanchang Temple, the central temple of Bazhou. The present Chaoyang promoted the status from Bazhou to Xingzhongbu in 1041. The Chaoyang North Pagoda was remodeled for 4 years. During this period a high priest from Liao Shangjing, governmental officials from Bazhou as well as Buddihists in Yanchang Temple participated in Buddhist rituals. And they performed Buddhist rituals twice in four years. The master artisans from Zhongjing and Bazhou carved new images on pagoda walls. These artworks faithfully reflects Buddhist beliefs and an art of high standard of the Liao dynasty. The first floor of the Chaoyang North Pagoda is decorated with brick carvings of the Buddhas with the four directions, the Eight Great Spiritual Stupas and Bodhisattvas etc. They embodies the diamond world of Esoteric buddhism. Virocana buddha is placed at the center of the world, and spreads light of the truth. The Buddhas of the four directions are followed with the icons of the directions, mudras, pedestals in Tang dynasty. The crowns were decorated with unique ornaments and displays the Liao dynasty’s characteristics. The Eight Great Spiritual Stupas are the icon and it was first appeared in the Liao dynasty. It was carved as small pagodas on the body section of the original pagodas. The names were also engraved on the stone tablets. The source is from “Dachengbensheng-xindi-guanjing”, translated by Banre in the year of 873. It has the same function as Dharani in the Liao dynasty. Bodhisattvas offer incense to four buddhas. It is traceable that the handle of the incense burner is transmitted from Liao to Goryeo. This kind of Bodhisattvas also were carved on the pagoda of Qingfeng in Chaoyang district. However, the eastern part of it displays a new iconography of “fajieshengyin”. It is based on “Foding-zunsheng-tuoluoni-yigui”. This peculiar statue is only found in the Liao In the base of Chaoyang North Pagoda, there are small statues with the customs of the Liao dynasty. The heavenly kings are holding orb of Taiji and its pattern is extremely popular. The diva statues playing instrument and posing of san yue people in wall paintings of the Liao tombs. The remodeling of Chaoyang North Pagoda served as a momentum of spreading the diamond world of Esoteric Buddhism in Chaoyang. At the same time, the belief of the Eight Great Spiritual Stupas spread across the whole country. The Eight Great Spiritual Stupas are related with “Foding-zunsheng-tuoluoni” and it helped to spread belief. The Eight Great Spiritual Stupas also have two fuctions of “yingfu” and “Chenzhan”. In “Foding-zunsheng-tuoluo nijing”, if worshipers lay “Foding-zunshengtuoluoni”in the flag or pagoda, the dust will stick to worshipers. In the end, worshipers can delete all sins and relieved from fire and brimstone in the hell. These are mentioned in “Luohanyuan-bada-lingtaji”, stone inscription of 1044. It is a special religious belief that was found in the Liao dynasty. The support of the imperial family of Liao made possible that the belief succeeded from the Liao dynasty to Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasty. The statues of Chaoyang North Pagoda influenced on the Art of Goryeo. They were identified by the crowns of buddhas of the four directions, bodhisattvas’ incense burner and the heavenly gods’ orb of Taiji in the Chaoyang North Pagoda. I think the religious belief associated with the statues of Chaoyang North Pagoda and it was also transmitted to Goryeo. This area of the research is very significant in terms of knowing the cultural exchange and should continue to be researched.

영어초록

The Chaoyang North Pagoda was the Big Pagoda of Yanchang Temple, the central temple of Bazhou. The present Chaoyang promoted the status from Bazhou to Xingzhongbu in 1041. The Chaoyang North Pagoda was remodeled for 4 years. During this period a high priest from Liao Shangjing, governmental officials from Bazhou as well as Buddihists in Yanchang Temple participated in Buddhist rituals. And they performed Buddhist rituals twice in four years. The master artisans from Zhongjing and Bazhou carved new images on pagoda walls. These artworks faithfully reflects Buddhist beliefs and an art of high standard of the Liao dynasty. The first floor of the Chaoyang North Pagoda is decorated with brick carvings of the Buddhas with the four directions, the Eight Great Spiritual Stupas and Bodhisattvas etc. They embodies the diamond world of Esoteric buddhism. Virocana buddha is placed at the center of the world, and spreads light of the truth. The Buddhas of the four directions are followed with the icons of the directions, mudras, pedestals in Tang dynasty. The crowns were decorated with unique ornaments and displays the Liao dynasty’s characteristics. The Eight Great Spiritual Stupas are the icon and it was first appeared in the Liao dynasty. It was carved as small pagodas on the body section of the original pagodas. The names were also engraved on the stone tablets. The source is from “Dachengbensheng-xindi-guanjing”, translated by Banre in the year of 873. It has the same function as Dharani in the Liao dynasty. Bodhisattvas offer incense to four buddhas. It is traceable that the handle of the incense burner is transmitted from Liao to Goryeo. This kind of Bodhisattvas also were carved on the pagoda of Qingfeng in Chaoyang district. However, the eastern part of it displays a new iconography of “fajieshengyin”. It is based on “Foding-zunsheng-tuoluoni-yigui”. This peculiar statue is only found in the Liao In the base of Chaoyang North Pagoda, there are small statues with the customs of the Liao dynasty. The heavenly kings are holding orb of Taiji and its pattern is extremely popular. The diva statues playing instrument and posing of san yue people in wall paintings of the Liao tombs. The remodeling of Chaoyang North Pagoda served as a momentum of spreading the diamond world of Esoteric Buddhism in Chaoyang. At the same time, the belief of the Eight Great Spiritual Stupas spread across the whole country. The Eight Great Spiritual Stupas are related with “Foding-zunsheng-tuoluoni” and it helped to spread belief. The Eight Great Spiritual Stupas also have two fuctions of “yingfu” and “Chenzhan”. In “Foding-zunsheng-tuoluo nijing”, if worshipers lay “Foding-zunshengtuoluoni”in the flag or pagoda, the dust will stick to worshipers. In the end, worshipers can delete all sins and relieved from fire and brimstone in the hell. These are mentioned in “Luohanyuan-bada-lingtaji”, stone inscription of 1044. It is a special religious belief that was found in the Liao dynasty. The support of the imperial family of Liao made possible that the belief succeeded from the Liao dynasty to Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasty. The statues of Chaoyang North Pagoda influenced on the Art of Goryeo. They were identified by the crowns of buddhas of the four directions, bodhisattvas’ incense burner and the heavenly gods’ orb of Taiji in the Chaoyang North Pagoda. I think the religious belief associated with the statues of Chaoyang North Pagoda and it was also transmitted to Goryeo. This area of the research is very significant in terms of knowing the cultural exchange and should continue to be researched.

참고자료

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