司法문제를 통해서 본 몽골 복속기 고려국왕 위상 (The Status of Goryeo Kings in the Mongol Subjugation period through the jurisdiction matters)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 사학연구 / 121호 / 201 ~ 234페이지
· 저자명 : 이명미

초록

1269년 원종 복위 이후 다루가치와 몽골군이 고려에 주둔하게 되면서, 주로 軍事와 관련하여 다루가치와 管軍官이 사법권을 행사하는 사례들이 발생했다. 이러한 사법문제 처리과정에서 주목되는 지점은 다루가치와 관군관, 고려국왕 혹은 신료가 함께 사법문제를 처리하는 ‘雜問’이 이루어졌다는 점이다. 이는 約會와 같은 몽골의 합의제적 재판방식과도 맥락을 같이 하는 것으로, 총체적 감독관으로서의 다루가치와 군사업무를 주로 하는 管軍官, 그리고 고려국왕(공주) 측이 함께 軍事를 수행하는 과정에서 사법처리가 필요한 사안이 발생할 경우, 상호 이해관계를 조정하기 위한 것이었다. 雜問과정에서 이해관계가 조정되지 않았을 때에는 雜問에 참여했던 주체들이 황제의 朝廷에 나아가 서로의 입장 차이를 조율해야 했다. 1278년 충렬왕의 親朝 역시 몽골의 국가체제 안에서 중요한위상을 갖고 있었던, 직접적으로는 일본원정이라는 大業과 관련해 중요한 역할을 할 두 주체 사이의 갈등이 김방경 무고사건을 통해 外化한 가운데 더 이상의 분란을 억제하는 차원에서 요구된 것이었다.
고려국왕은 몽골 측 관인과 함께 심문하고 그 결과를 직접 보고하기 위해 入朝해야 하는 상황이 발생했고, 나아가 스스로의 정치적 처사와 관련해서 몽골 측에서 문제가 제기될 경우 그에 대한 변론을 위해 入朝해야하는 상황도 발생했다. 이 과정에서 몽골 황제권은 그러한 분쟁을 수습하는 중재자 및 최종 결정권자로서 기능했으며, 이러한 상황은 몽골과의 관계 속에서 고려국왕의 사법적 권한 혹은 위상에 발생한 변화를 보여준다.

영어초록

After the restoration of King Wonjong in 1269, Darughachis got to stay in Goryeo, and the Mongolian forces also stationed in Goryeo to suppress the Revolt of Sambyeolcho, and to persuade and prepare for an expedition to Japan. Since then, there were cases in which Darughachis and officers of royal forces exercised judicial power mainly in relation to the military. The officers of royal forces exercised judicial power on their own when the military command system was clear, and Darughachis would exercise judicial power over daily matters. What is worth noting in the handling process of judicial matters during the period was “Japmun(雜問)”, in which Darughachis, officers of royal forces, and Goryeo kings or officials dealt with judicial issues together.
Both Darughachis and officers of royal forces were part of the Mongolian force and followed the orders from the emperor including suppressing the Revolt of Sambyeolcho and persuading and conquering Japan. In the implementation process, however, there were differences between them: while the officers of royal forces focused on the “military” in their activities, Darughachis made responses to specific matters even covering the stabilization of common people in Goryeo. Since the Revolt of Sambyeolcho was an uprising against the king of Goryeo, as well, the forces of Goryeo were also active with suppressing it. Darughachis and officers of royal forces were, however, in different positions regarding the persuasion of and expedition to Japan. When there were issues requiring judicial settlement in the process of carrying out common military duties in that situation, they seem to have coordinated and reflected their mutual interests through the system of “Japmun.” When they failed to coordinate their mutual interests in the Japmun process, the individuals that took personal part in it had to go and see the emperor in the royal court and adjust differences in their positions. The King Chungryeol’s personal attending the emperor in 1278 can be understood in that context, which was requested to control further trouble after the conflicts between the two parties, which held an important status within the Mongolian national system and were supposed to play critical roles in the expedition to Japan more directly, grew external through the false accusation of Kim Bang-gyeong.
The situation that Goryeo kings had to attend the Mongolian royal court to personally report the results of joint interrogation with the Mongolian officials in matters related to the Mongol empire and further to defend their treatment of internal affairs of Goryeo when someone raised an issue with it at the emperor’s court shows the changed status of Goryeo kings. In that process, the imperial power of Mongolia functioned as an arbitrator and final decision-maker to settle such disputes.

참고자료

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