發掘調査 成果를 통해 본 益山의 百濟 寺刹 (The Temples of the Baekje Kingdom in Iksan in View of the Outcomes of Excavation and Investigation)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국립공주대학교 백제문화연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 백제문화 / 2권 / 43호 / 159 ~ 193페이지
· 저자명 : 김선기

초록

익산에 있는 백제유적과 관련하여 別都說, 遷都說, 經營說, 離宮說, 別府說, 神都說 등 많은 이설이 있다. 지금까지 발굴조사 된 王宮里遺蹟이나 陵墓遺蹟・關防遺蹟 및 왕실조영의 3대사찰(大官寺・帝釋寺・彌勒寺) 등의 유적을 통해서 보면 익산이 어떠한 형태로든 王都였음은 부정될 수 없다.
3대사찰의 창건기획은 부여식 연화문수막새의 출토양상을 통해 볼 때 600년경이면 이미 이루어진 것으로 추정된다. 大官寺址는 왕궁리유적의 중심부에 拜禮空間을 둔 권위적 상징체계의 독특한 가람배치로 宮墻과 더불어 만들어졌다. 여기에서 사용된 창건기와는 부여식 연화문수막새로 610년 경에는 완성되었을 것으로 판단된다. 帝釋寺址 창건가람은 1탑1금당의 배치라는 전통적인 가람구조로 추정되며, 중건가람도 그 전통을 따르고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 제석사지 창건가람은 부여식 연화문수막새의 전통이 남아 있는 620년경에 완성된 것으로, 중건가람은 미륵사지와 더불어 650년경에는 완성되었을 것으로 생각된다. 彌勒寺址는 혁신적인 삼원병치의 가람구조로 확인되어 3대사지에서는 각각 독특하면서 전혀 다른 형태의 가람배치가 확인되었다.
가람배치의 차이는 사찰 조영목적의 차이에서 기인된다고 생각되는데 제석사지는 과거 國祖의 信仰儀禮의 기능으로, 대관사지는 현실 불교계를 통괄하면서 현재 왕실의 발전을, 미륵사지는 미래 국가와 왕실의 번영과 발전을 기원하는 三世祈願寺刹의 성격을 갖는다고 생각한다. 삼세기원사찰의 모티브는 久遠한 여래의 永遠性을 상징하는 三世三佛信仰에서 찾을 수 있고, 이는 국가와 왕실의 영속을 기원하는 護國佛敎의 신앙구조로 생각된다. 그리고 그 이면에는 백제왕권의 정통성을 보여주고 국가와 왕실의 번영과 발전의 영속을 기원하고자 하는 의중에서 대관사를 중심으로 전통국가의 宗廟와 社稷的인 기능을 익산의 3대사찰들이 담당하였던 것으로 사료된다.

영어초록

Lots of conflicting theories have been offered to identify Iksan as either the place for a separate capital, or completely transferred capital, or separate palace, or extended administrative district, or divine capital, etc. of the Baekje Kingdom. The fact that Iksan was at any rate a royal capital of the Baekje Kingdom is endorsed, it is believed, not only by the hitherto excavated and investigated relics in Wanggung-ri but also by the remains in Iksan of the tombs for royal families as well as for common people, castles and the three major temples (Daegwan Temple, Jeseok Temple, Mireuk Temple) built by the kingdom country.
Judging from the patterns of unearthed Buyeo-type roof-end tiles with lotus design, plans for building the three major temples are presumed to have been already set up at around A.D. 600. The site of Daegwan Temple in Wanggung-ri shows that the temple was built together with the palatial walls in a unique layout for authoritative demonstration of the symbolic system created by the space for worship in its center. The tiles used in the initial building of the temple are thought to be roof-end tiles with lotus design which had been completed presumably by around A.D. 610. It is also estimated that the initial stage of Jeseok Temple site had a traditional layout of a temple with one pagoda and one main building. This is confirmed by the relics of the renovated temple. It is further supposed that the initial building of Jeseok Temple was finished at around A.D. 620 when there still remained the tradition of Buyeo-type roof-end tiles with lotus design and that the renovated temple building was completed at around A.D. 650 together with Mireuk Temple. The Mireuk Temple site turned out to have had a innovative layout of three halls aligned in juxtaposition, resulting in unique and different style of layouts in each of three major temples.
Such difference in layout of the temples is believed to come from the difference in the purpose of temple construction, since Jeseok Temple, for example, was said to be aimed at serving as a place of ritual for the past-generation national ancestors, while Daegwan Temple aimed to become the temple reigning the present world of Buddhism and praying for progress of the present royal families, and Mireuk Temple purported to offer up the petition for growth and prosperity of futuregeneration royal families and the nation, that is, the temples all were oriented toward wishing for well-being of the three generations of the country. Since the original motive of the temples wishing for well-being of the three generations may be traced up to the three-generation and three-Buddha belief that symbolizes immortality of the everlasting Buddha, the temples wishing for well-being of the three generations are believed to have the belief system of petitioning everlasting nation and royal families. In this context, the three major temples in Iksan including Daegwan Temple seem to have played a key role in functioning as shrines as well as royal courts of the traditional country with a view to pray for everlasting prosperity and sustenance of the royal authority and legitimacy of the Baekje royal families.

참고자료

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