무신집권기 급제자의 初仕職 임명에 대한 천거 절차와 방식 -李奎報를 중심으로- (Recommendation procedures and methods for those who passed the state examination to first-time working position during the Military Regime period of Goryeo - Focusing on Lee Gyu-bo(李奎報))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 사학연구 / 151호 / 97 ~ 134페이지
· 저자명 : 이정훈

초록

고려시대 급제자들은 관료들의 천거를 받아 초사직에 임명되었다. 급제자는 초사직에 임명되기 위해 5품이상관과 근시관에게 천거를 부탁했다. 이 중에서도 급제자가 가장 먼저 거주로 고려한 인물은 좌주였다. 만약 좌주가 천거를 거부하거나 좌주의 천거가 무산되면, 자신의 인맥이나 여러 모임을 통해 알게 된 관료들에게 천거를 부탁하였다. 급제자가 천거를 부탁할 때에는 피탁자에게 자신의 학습 상황을 비롯한 능력, 자질, 자신이 맡고 싶은 관직을 밝혔고, 피탁자가 좌주가 아니라면 피탁자에게 급제 사실 및 좌주 성명도 알렸다. 급제자가 천거를 부탁할 때 사용하는 특별한 문서 양식은 없었지만, 주로 자신의 학문 능력을 보여주기 위해 시 또는 서를 지어 천거를 부탁하였다.
급제자에 대한 천거권을 가진 사람은 5품이상관과 근시관이었다. 국왕의 특별한 명령이 없다면, 거주는 급제자가 부탁하면 천거하였다. 거주는 1회에 1명을 천거할 수 있었는데, 거주는 일반적으로 한 명이었지만 여러 명이 연명으로 천거할 수 있었다. 거주는 천거를 요청한 급제자의 능력, 자질 등을 자기 나름대로 검증 및 확인 절차를 거쳐 천거하였다. 거주는 급제자의 인명, 자질 및 능력, 급제자에게 합당한 관직을 기재한 차자를 국왕에게 올렸다. 국왕은 피거인이 천거 내용에 부합되는 인물인지를 검증한 다음 천거 수용 여부를 결정하였다. 거주의 천거가 수용되면, 천거 차자와 국왕의 윤허가 담긴 제서가 이부로 전달되고, 이부는 차자와 제서에 의거해 대정과 권무때 급제자를 관직에 임명하였다.
잘못 천거한 거주는 거주연좌제에 의해 처벌받았다. 천거가 수용되지 못한 피거인은 다른 사람들로부터 천거를 받기 힘들었고, 피거인이 천거가 거부된 사항을 불식시키기 위한 노력을 하지 않는다면 다시 천거되기는 어려웠다. 또한 천거가 수용되지 않은 피거인에 대한 천거는 동일 국왕에게 다시 할 수 없었다.

영어초록

This study examines, through an example of Lee Gyu-bo, how the persons who passed the state examination (hereinafter, “successful examinees”) during the military administration of the Goryeo Dynasty asked their recommendation, as well as the methods and procedures of recommendation for them and the process by which the successful examinees were appointed to first-time working position after recommendation.
The successful examinees used to ask for their recommendations from an officer of the 5th rank or higher or a Royal Attendants (近侍官) in order to be appointed to the first-time working position. The officer that successful examinees most frequently asked for recommendation was the Jwaju (座主). If the Jwaju refused to recommend or his recommendation failed, they asked other officials through their personal connections or various social meetings. When asking for recommendation, the successful examinees informed the recommender (擧主) of their study situation, abilities, and qualifications. If the recommender was not the Jwaju, they should also disclose to the recommender how they had passed the exam and who their Jwaju was. They also revealed the position they would like to hold. There was no special document format for successful examinees to request recommendations, but they usually presented poems or books to show their academic abilities.
The people who had the authority to recommend the successful examinees were the officials of the 5th rank or higher and the palace servants. A recommender could nominate one person at a time, and several officials could also recommend a person jointly. Unless there was a special order from the king, the person asked to recommend (被託者) had to give recommendation upon request by a successful examinee. The recommender used to make his own verification and confirmation process of the abilities and qualifications for the successful examinees, and recommended one who passed the verification and confirmation process. The recommender wrote the letter of Chaja (箚子) to recommend a successful examinee, in which the name, qualifications and abilities of the successful examinee, as well as the official position appropriate to the recommendee, were listed. After receiving the recommendation Chaja, the king checked whether the recommendee was worthy of the position and then decided whether to accept the recommendation. When the recommendation was accepted, the letter of Chaja and the Jeseo (制書) containing the king's permission were delivered to the Civil Personnel Ministry (吏部), which carried out an official ordination procedure of the successful examinee based on the Chaja and the Jeseo. The appointment of official position was made at the time of Daejeong (大政) and Gwonmu (權務).
If a commander made an inappropriate recommendation, he was punished by the recommender’s joint responsibility system (擧主連坐制). Once a recommendation was rejected, the recommendee was so hard to receive a recommendation from someone else that he had to make a lot of efforts to eliminate the reason why the recommendation was rejected. Additionally, a recommendation for a person whose recommendation had been rejected could not be made again to the same king.

참고자료

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