北宋 後期 西北邊 開邊策의 수행과 武臣ㆍ宦官의 활용- 帥臣ㆍ大帥 임용을 중심으로 ― (Military Officials and Eunuchs under the Expansionist Policy on the Northwest Frontier during the Late Northern Song China: Focusing on the Appointment of Field Marshals and Grand Marshals)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 141호 / 173 ~ 229페이지
· 저자명 : 유종수

초록

This study aims to analyze the increase in number of military field marshals (shuaichen, hereafter as FM) and the role of eunuchs as grand marshals (dashuai, hereafter as GM) on the northwest frontier during the late Northern Song, in accordance with its change of foreign policy and execution of military operations. Previous studies did not show sufficient analysis, neither about the complete change of foreign policy nor about the command system of the time. In this sense, the object of this study is to illustrate how the utilization of military officials and eunuchs brought about changes in the command system on the northwest.
The Sino-Tangut War of 1038-1044 led to the change in the command system to replace general commandants (dubushu) with theater commander and pacification intendants (jinglüeanfushi, hereafter as TCPI) on the northwest frontier. Meanwhile, an expansionist policy during Emperor Shenzong’s reign heralded new aggressive tactics never seen before, and led some military officials to be chief incumbents of the office of TCPIs by means of the system called quanfaqian. To hold back military officials having a higher status than earlier times, Shenzong started to utilize eunuchs such as Wang Zhongzheng and Li Xian.
However, after the end of the regency of the empress dowagers, Emperor Zhezong and Huizong, two sons of Shenzong, rejected concessive policy and resumed an expansionist approach. This resumption also provided some military officials with many opportunities to obtain military exploits. In Huizong’s reign, they had higher ranks than those of military FMs in Shenzong’s reign and finally could be TCPIs in both name and meaning, removing the tag quanfaqian. Simultaneously, a castrated general Tongguan was appointed to the pacification commissioner (xuanfushi, hereafter as PC) and could expand his authority as the GM of the northwest frontier. The Tongguan case reflects the tendency of the time to seek an integration in the command system under TCPIs formed by the division policy.
With the command system on the northwest frontier during the late Northern Song, which changed from the existing command system under TCPIs, the Song court did not realize the ultimate goal to overthrow the Tangut regime, but accomplished “half success”: getting out of the defensive position and expanding territories. Emperors of the time brought about innovations by utilizing military officials and eunuchs. Of course, their influences─a relative elevation of military officials’ status, gradual progress towards the integration policy, control by eunuchs─had limitations because they were not adopted in other frontiers of the Song dynasty. Out of three characteristics above, control by eunuchs disappeared around the fall of Northern Song, but the other two accelerated between Northern and Southern Song. However, the northwestern command system during the late Northern Song can be evaluated in respect of having transition characteristics between the command system under TCPIs in Emperor Renzong era and that under PCs and military commissioners (zhizhishi) between Northern and Southern Song.

영어초록

This study aims to analyze the increase in number of military field marshals (shuaichen, hereafter as FM) and the role of eunuchs as grand marshals (dashuai, hereafter as GM) on the northwest frontier during the late Northern Song, in accordance with its change of foreign policy and execution of military operations. Previous studies did not show sufficient analysis, neither about the complete change of foreign policy nor about the command system of the time. In this sense, the object of this study is to illustrate how the utilization of military officials and eunuchs brought about changes in the command system on the northwest.
The Sino-Tangut War of 1038-1044 led to the change in the command system to replace general commandants (dubushu) with theater commander and pacification intendants (jinglüeanfushi, hereafter as TCPI) on the northwest frontier. Meanwhile, an expansionist policy during Emperor Shenzong’s reign heralded new aggressive tactics never seen before, and led some military officials to be chief incumbents of the office of TCPIs by means of the system called quanfaqian. To hold back military officials having a higher status than earlier times, Shenzong started to utilize eunuchs such as Wang Zhongzheng and Li Xian.
However, after the end of the regency of the empress dowagers, Emperor Zhezong and Huizong, two sons of Shenzong, rejected concessive policy and resumed an expansionist approach. This resumption also provided some military officials with many opportunities to obtain military exploits. In Huizong’s reign, they had higher ranks than those of military FMs in Shenzong’s reign and finally could be TCPIs in both name and meaning, removing the tag quanfaqian. Simultaneously, a castrated general Tongguan was appointed to the pacification commissioner (xuanfushi, hereafter as PC) and could expand his authority as the GM of the northwest frontier. The Tongguan case reflects the tendency of the time to seek an integration in the command system under TCPIs formed by the division policy.
With the command system on the northwest frontier during the late Northern Song, which changed from the existing command system under TCPIs, the Song court did not realize the ultimate goal to overthrow the Tangut regime, but accomplished “half success”: getting out of the defensive position and expanding territories. Emperors of the time brought about innovations by utilizing military officials and eunuchs. Of course, their influences─a relative elevation of military officials’ status, gradual progress towards the integration policy, control by eunuchs─had limitations because they were not adopted in other frontiers of the Song dynasty. Out of three characteristics above, control by eunuchs disappeared around the fall of Northern Song, but the other two accelerated between Northern and Southern Song. However, the northwestern command system during the late Northern Song can be evaluated in respect of having transition characteristics between the command system under TCPIs in Emperor Renzong era and that under PCs and military commissioners (zhizhishi) between Northern and Southern Song.

참고자료

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