조양 袁台子村 벽화묘의 국적과 고구려의 영역 확대 (Nationality of Yuantaizi(袁台子村) Mural Tomb in Chaoyang County and territory expansion of Goguryoe)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 고조선단군학회
· 수록지 정보 : 고조선단군학 / 31권 / 31호 / 39 ~ 126페이지
· 저자명 : 박선희

초록

A tomb was discovered in the town of Yuantaizi, Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province, China. While the tomb had already been robbed, mural paintings still remain. Also, various artifacts such as bronze ware, pottery, porcelain and lacquer ware and a great number of costumes relics including gilt bronze ornaments, belt ornaments which are made of gold and silver, silver bracelets, bronze ornaments and gilt bronze sets of harness were excavated.
The excavators compared these artifacts to other artifacts and remains from various tombs located in Chaoyang County to estimate the age of Yuantaizi tomb and set its date at the early to mid A.D. 4 according to relative chronology. Along with estimating the age of the tomb, they revealed that a set of harness excavated from Yuantaizi tomb shared the same style with that of Goguryeo. However, they have drawn a contradictory conclusion that the tomb was created by Northern people. Japanese scholars, as well as Chinese scholars, classified the set of harness excavated from Yuantaizi County as an artifact of Xianbei people. Academic communities of Koreanology and archeology also uncritically accepted the argument and acknowledged that Yuantaizi tomb is a Chinese tomb. Also, in terms of costumes study, some argued that it is proved that culture of Goguryeo is closely related to that of horse-riding peoples such as Xianbei people as costumes of people in mural paintings of Yuantaizi tomb have similar traits with costumes of Goguryeo. However, Chinese scholar Liu Xuan-tang(劉萱堂) suggested a different idea that contents and costumes in mural paintings of Yuantaizi tomb and Muyongchong tomb are highly similar.
To figure out correct nationality of tombs in Chaoyang County where people's opinions about tombs in the region vary, I revealed that Pyongyang-seong which became a capital at the time of King Dongcheon is Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province today based on reference materials and archeological excavated materials. In fact, gold diadem ornaments which are distinctive artifacts of Han people were excavated from many tombs in Chaoyang County which were built in A.D. 3 to A.D. 4 including Yuantaizi mural tomb. Sets of harness also show unique style of Goguryeo, and in the case of mural paintings, people in the paintings wear costumes which show unique style of Goguryoe.
The important fact that can support the argument is the discovery of Choi Hyul(崔遹) tomb which belongs to the end of A.D. 4. Thanks to the discovery of Choi Hyul tomb, it turned out that Murong Huang of the Former Yan(前燕) expanded to Chaoyang County at the mid of A.D. 4 at least. Therefore, we can see that it is contradictory to the classification of tombs in Chaoyang County including Yuantaizi tomb as those of Xianbei people.
Based on these facts, we have no choice but to acknowledge that tombs in Chaoyang County which were created from A.D. 3 to at the mid of A.D. 4 belong to Goguryeo. Owners of the tombs are royal families of Goguryeo who lived in Pyongyang-seong, which is Chaoyang county today, from the time of King Dongcheon(A.D. 227 - A.D. 248) to when King Gogugwon of Goguryoe transferred the capital to Hwan-do mountain fortress in the 12th year of his reign(A.D. 342).
Before the start of Northeast Borderland History and the Chain of Events Research Project(Northeast Project) of China, Chinese scholars have already tried to claim preemptive rights of the area citing that Manchuria belongs to Chinese territory today. In other words, Cheon-ha(天下) thought which means that the world should be ruled by China has been the basis of political idea of China since the ancient times. Therefore, China wants to interpret Korean ancient history with an extension of such political ideas and culture. Moreover, since the People's Republic of China was established, China has been emphasizing that it has been a multiracial country from the ancient times. It is considering all ethnic groups and tribes who reside in Chinese territory as members of China. This is another typical form of Cheon-ha(天下) thought. Therefore, it is common for Chinese scholars to understand and interpret history based on territory not on people. China argues that history of Manchuria also should be included in Chinese history because the region now belongs to China regardless of other peoples’ history. After that, as Northeast Project started, former era of Gojoseon and history of Gojoseon, Goguryoe and Balhae were described as local governments located in northeastern area of ancient China. This might be the reason why Chinese scholars insist that nationality of artifacts and relics of Chaoyang County including Yuantaizi tomb is Northern people or China.
Korean scholars accept Chinese scholars’ argument that the tombs are created by Xianbei people or Chinese people without any criticism and analysis, paying no attention to the facts. As a result, many parts of ancient Korean history were thoughtlessly associated with Chinese and Northeastern culture or Xianbei people. As Chinese scholars’ opinions were accepted uncritically without considering a diachronical pattern history of all artifacts excavated from tombs in the Korean peninsula and Manchuria, various contents of ancient Korean history of southern part of the Korean peninsula and Ji’an, Manchuria were indiscriminately involved in Chinese or Northeastern culture.
While we did not recognize our culture even when we see it and called it others, we are looking for an origin of our culture again there. I am concerned why we always have to find the origin of national culture outside.

영어초록

A tomb was discovered in the town of Yuantaizi, Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province, China. While the tomb had already been robbed, mural paintings still remain. Also, various artifacts such as bronze ware, pottery, porcelain and lacquer ware and a great number of costumes relics including gilt bronze ornaments, belt ornaments which are made of gold and silver, silver bracelets, bronze ornaments and gilt bronze sets of harness were excavated.
The excavators compared these artifacts to other artifacts and remains from various tombs located in Chaoyang County to estimate the age of Yuantaizi tomb and set its date at the early to mid A.D. 4 according to relative chronology. Along with estimating the age of the tomb, they revealed that a set of harness excavated from Yuantaizi tomb shared the same style with that of Goguryeo. However, they have drawn a contradictory conclusion that the tomb was created by Northern people. Japanese scholars, as well as Chinese scholars, classified the set of harness excavated from Yuantaizi County as an artifact of Xianbei people. Academic communities of Koreanology and archeology also uncritically accepted the argument and acknowledged that Yuantaizi tomb is a Chinese tomb. Also, in terms of costumes study, some argued that it is proved that culture of Goguryeo is closely related to that of horse-riding peoples such as Xianbei people as costumes of people in mural paintings of Yuantaizi tomb have similar traits with costumes of Goguryeo. However, Chinese scholar Liu Xuan-tang(劉萱堂) suggested a different idea that contents and costumes in mural paintings of Yuantaizi tomb and Muyongchong tomb are highly similar.
To figure out correct nationality of tombs in Chaoyang County where people's opinions about tombs in the region vary, I revealed that Pyongyang-seong which became a capital at the time of King Dongcheon is Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province today based on reference materials and archeological excavated materials. In fact, gold diadem ornaments which are distinctive artifacts of Han people were excavated from many tombs in Chaoyang County which were built in A.D. 3 to A.D. 4 including Yuantaizi mural tomb. Sets of harness also show unique style of Goguryeo, and in the case of mural paintings, people in the paintings wear costumes which show unique style of Goguryoe.
The important fact that can support the argument is the discovery of Choi Hyul(崔遹) tomb which belongs to the end of A.D. 4. Thanks to the discovery of Choi Hyul tomb, it turned out that Murong Huang of the Former Yan(前燕) expanded to Chaoyang County at the mid of A.D. 4 at least. Therefore, we can see that it is contradictory to the classification of tombs in Chaoyang County including Yuantaizi tomb as those of Xianbei people.
Based on these facts, we have no choice but to acknowledge that tombs in Chaoyang County which were created from A.D. 3 to at the mid of A.D. 4 belong to Goguryeo. Owners of the tombs are royal families of Goguryeo who lived in Pyongyang-seong, which is Chaoyang county today, from the time of King Dongcheon(A.D. 227 - A.D. 248) to when King Gogugwon of Goguryoe transferred the capital to Hwan-do mountain fortress in the 12th year of his reign(A.D. 342).
Before the start of Northeast Borderland History and the Chain of Events Research Project(Northeast Project) of China, Chinese scholars have already tried to claim preemptive rights of the area citing that Manchuria belongs to Chinese territory today. In other words, Cheon-ha(天下) thought which means that the world should be ruled by China has been the basis of political idea of China since the ancient times. Therefore, China wants to interpret Korean ancient history with an extension of such political ideas and culture. Moreover, since the People's Republic of China was established, China has been emphasizing that it has been a multiracial country from the ancient times. It is considering all ethnic groups and tribes who reside in Chinese territory as members of China. This is another typical form of Cheon-ha(天下) thought. Therefore, it is common for Chinese scholars to understand and interpret history based on territory not on people. China argues that history of Manchuria also should be included in Chinese history because the region now belongs to China regardless of other peoples’ history. After that, as Northeast Project started, former era of Gojoseon and history of Gojoseon, Goguryoe and Balhae were described as local governments located in northeastern area of ancient China. This might be the reason why Chinese scholars insist that nationality of artifacts and relics of Chaoyang County including Yuantaizi tomb is Northern people or China.
Korean scholars accept Chinese scholars’ argument that the tombs are created by Xianbei people or Chinese people without any criticism and analysis, paying no attention to the facts. As a result, many parts of ancient Korean history were thoughtlessly associated with Chinese and Northeastern culture or Xianbei people. As Chinese scholars’ opinions were accepted uncritically without considering a diachronical pattern history of all artifacts excavated from tombs in the Korean peninsula and Manchuria, various contents of ancient Korean history of southern part of the Korean peninsula and Ji’an, Manchuria were indiscriminately involved in Chinese or Northeastern culture.
While we did not recognize our culture even when we see it and called it others, we are looking for an origin of our culture again there. I am concerned why we always have to find the origin of national culture outside.

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