원삼국시대 중부지방 작물조성(作物組成)의 특징과 그 형성 요인 (A Study on the Establishment of the Crop Assemblage of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period in Central Korea)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고고학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국고고학보 / 75호 / 98 ~ 125페이지
· 저자명 : 이희경

초록

이 논문에서는 원삼국시대 중부지방의 15개 유적에서 현재까지 출토된 작물유존체 자료와 풍납토성 및 남양주 장현리 유적에서 체계적인 과정을 거쳐 획득된 작물유존체 자료를 분석하여, 원삼국시대 중부지방의 작물조성(作物組成)을 파악하고, 이를 토대로 해당 사회의 환경적•사회적 측면에 대해 살펴보았다. 작물조성은 원삼국시대 중부지방에서 출토된 작물유존체의 종류를 파악하고, 수량•무게의 비율 분석 및 출토확률 분석(ubiquity analysis)을 통해 작물의 이용 비중을 검토하는 과정을 통해 복원하였다. 그 결과 원삼국시대 중부지방에서 쌀, 콩, 팥, 조, 기장, 피, 보리, 밀의 8종류 작물이 재배 또는 소비되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 가운데 조, 피, 기장 같은 잡곡이 주곡으로 이용되었으며, 쌀과 맥류의 이용 비중은 상당히 낮았던 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 원삼국시대의 작물조성은 청동기시대의 쌀 중심의 작물조성과는 사뭇 다른 양상으로, 원삼국시대에 기후가 한랭해짐에 따라 한랭한 환경에 잘 적응하지 못하는 벼의 재배를 줄이고, 적응력이 뛰어난 잡곡의 재배를 늘리는 것과 더불어, 다양한 작물을 재배하여 안정적 생산량을 확보하고자 시도한 결과로 추정된다. 한편 대부분의 원삼국시대 중부지방 유적에서 쌀이 거의 출토되지 않은 것과 다르게 풍납토성 유적에서는 쌀이 높은 비중으로 확인되었다. 이는 도성 유적으로 유적의 위계상 차이가 있었던 풍납토성의 경우 원삼국시대에 들어 희소성으로 인해 그 가치가 높아졌던 쌀에 대한 이용도가 다른 유적에 비해 높았기 때문으로 해석된다.

영어초록

This paper examines the crop assemblage (i.e. the types of crops farmed and their relative importance) based on the systemic analysis of plant remains from the Pungnap Fortress site and the Janghyun-ri site in Namyangju. It also analyzes plant remains from 15 Proto-Three Kingdoms period sites in central Korea. In doing so, the crop assemblage of central Korea in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period is identified and the social and environmental aspects of this society are considered.
First, the types of crop remains were identified and their quantity, relative weight, and ubiquity were analyzed. The results may be summarized as follows. Eight different types of crops, consisting of rice, soy bean, adzuki bean, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, barnyard millet, barley, and wheat, were farmed and consumed in different quantities at different sites in the central region of Korea during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period. And the importance of millet, rather than rice and wheat, appears to have increased in this period. The crop assemblage of the Proto-Three Kingdoms period was then compared to that of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in an attempt to examine whether the former represented the establishment of a new crop assemblage type, and if so, to understand why this change may have occurred. The differences in the crop assemblages of Pungnap Fortress and Janghyun-ri were examined and the possible differences in the nature of the sites which may have resulted in this were considered. The results may be summarized as follows. In contrast to the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, rice was the most significant crop in the preceeding Bronze Age. It is suggested that this change may have been due to the cooler climate of the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, to which rice was less well adapted compared to other crop types. This may also be associated with the diversification of crop types due to the need to obtain stability in food production. On the other hand, unlike the 16 other sites of the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, including Janghyun-ri, which yielded very little in terms of rice remains, a considerable amount of rice was identified at Pungnap Fortress. It is suggested that this was because the residents of Pungnap Fortress — which was the capital city of the Baekje state — had better access to rice, which had been difficult to farm in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period. The residents of Pungnap Fortress may be regarded as generally having been of a higher status, and this may have facilitated easier access to high value foodstuffs.

참고자료

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