조선 전기에 활동한 중국인 이주민에 대한 고찰 (A Study on the Chinese Immigrants in the Early Joseon Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 한국문화연구 / 16권 / 199 ~ 231페이지
· 저자명 : 백옥경

초록

조선 전기에는 향화 왜인(向化倭人) 및 향화 야인(向化野人) 그리고 동래(東來)한 중국인들이 다수 나타난다. 그중 왜인이나 야인의 향화는 수천 명에 이를 만큼 커다란 규모로 전개되어 왔다. 이에 비해 중국인 이주민들은 이주 규모가 크지 않았을 뿐만 아니라, 사료 또한 풍부하지 않은 탓에 크게 주목받지 못하였다. 하지만 중국인 이주민들은 조선의 건국기에 문화 수용이나 대명관계(對明關係)에서 주요한 역할을 담당해왔고, 조선에서의 대우도 향화인과는 다른 수준으로 이루어지는 등 조선 정부로부터 남다른 관심과 주목을 받았다.
조선 전기에 활동하고 있는 중국인 이주민들은 약 30여 명에 달한다. 이들은 원명 교체기라는 국제 정세의 변동과 원에서의 정치적 모순의 심화, 홍건적의 발흥 등을 경험하면서 고려 및 조선으로의 이주를 선택하였던 것으로 나타난다. 이에 그들의 이주는 주로 고려 말, 조선 초에 집중적으로 이루어지고 있다. 이들은 조선에서 경제적 후대를 받았고, 혼인 및 관직진출도 할 수 있었는데, 특히 그 진출 관직에서 뚜렷한 특징을 볼 수 있다. 이들은 외국인이라는 특성상 문한 및 대외관계, 의례 등을 담당하며, 왕을 보좌하고 때로는 왕의 자문역할을 수행하였다. 이들은 외교 분야에서 탁월한 능력을 발휘하였으며, 중국으로 보내는 외교문서 작성에도 재능을 발휘하였다. 특히 이들은 외국의 문물을 받아들이고 정착시키는 데 선도적 역할을 하였다. 또한 이들은 선진문화의 경험자로서 중국을 비롯한 당시의 국제정세에 밝은 지식인들이었기 때문에 조선이 갖추어야 할 여러 가지 제도 혹은 정책 분야의 기초를 담당하였다.

영어초록

In the early Joseon Dynasty, there were many Japanese had emigrated from their country, many Chinese which had come from China. Among them, number of people emigrated from Japan had been expanded over thousands of group. But Chinese immigrants group were smaller than Japanese's and had not been remarkable without enough historical documents. But the Chinese immigrants had an important role in accepting chinese advanced culture and building relationship with Ming(China) in the early Joseon Dynasty. And they had received a lot of attention and interest from Joseon Government with differentiated treatment from others.
The Chinese immigrants who had played activities in the early Joseon were about 30 people. Even though they were smaller than Japanese, they had done much contribution in part of cultural exchange and diplomacy during the foundation of Joseon's Dynasty.
Originally, they had expatriate themselves to Goryeo or Josoen in order to avoid the turbulent international unsecurity during the shift from Won to Ming, the political inconsistency at the Won's Dynasty and a uprising civil war called ‘Hongunjeok’. Their movement to Joseon had been happened mainly from the end of Goryeo's Dynasty to the early of Joseon Dynasty. They had received economic treatment warmly, could had married to, could had got government offices at the Joseon Dynasty. Especially, we can find some distinct characteristics at activities of their government service. They had taken charge of literary arts, diplomatic relationship, and ceremony as a foreign status. They had show their prominent abilities at the diplomatic field and at the drawing out diplomatic documents to be sent to China. Moreover, they had lead to receive and settle the foreign civilization. They had got a government offices, had served to assist Joseon's kings or to offer consulting service to Joseon's kings with taking charge of literary arts, diplomacy and ceremony. They had taken charge of building many social systems and bases at the political policy which Joseon's Dynasty should had equipped as people who had already experienced the advanced culture.
They had entered into government office which were general officials or technocrats, and among them, some Chinese immigrants who had passed the civil service examination under the dynasty had launched into the Ministers, These facts can be compared with Japanese's activities whose they had received mainly military offices. And when we study their activities, the main role of the Japanese immigrants was focused on to play a role to military ones, to migrate their family, to inform Japanese situation and movements.

참고자료

· 없음