미일 교섭의 개시 ― 미일 양해안의 성립과 미 국무부 관료들의 대응 ― (The Beginning of Hull-Nomura talk — The preparation of U.S.-Japan appreciation document and the correspondence of U.S. Department of State —)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 156호 / 193 ~ 246페이지
· 저자명 : 안재익

초록

In 1940, when France surrendered in Germany and the transition of World War II was greatly changed, the Japanese government tried to contributes to the victory of the German war through the Tripartite Pact, and to establish dominance to the whole East Asian region. The most important challenge for this was the solution of the Sino-Japanese War. Japan tried to keep Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty, and wanted to maintain political and economic dominance in the China continent after the end of the Sino-Japanese War. Meanwhile, the US government cooperated with the British, engaged in European battlefield to respond to the threat of Germany in the Atlantic Ocean, and they established a war plan to defeat Germany. In addition to Germany, the United States was prepared for the attacks of Japan, and established concurrent war performance plans over the Atlantic and Pacific, and shared it with the UK.
Japan-US relationships were deteriorated by Tripartite Pact, a Military Alliance for the purpose of attack America, and America’s selecting the support for China and the strengthening of economic sanctions against Japan. In such a situation, American and Japanese people who have felt a sense of crisis are promoted between the intergovernmental dialogue for the Japan and US, and such efforts made US-Japan appreciation document established and Japan-US negotiations start. The John Doe Associates, a semi-official and a semi-civillian organization wrote US-Japan appreciation document. It shows that Japan will reduce the possibility of attacking US by she interprets Triparite Pack more generously. In order to solve the Sino-Japanese war problem, the US Government will promise to cooperate Japanese government, so she can maintain paramount status in the continental China. Most of the Japanese government officials were satisfied with the document, but the Matsuoka Yosuke Foreign Minister, who thought the Tripartite Pact is critical for Japan’s future, denied this ‘give-and-take’ proposal.
Meanwhile, the bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, thought that the expansion of Japan's influence to Far East will infringe American national interests. And under the circumstance of World War II has broke out, they thought that it is possible that Japan launches additional military action to South East Asia.
For this reason, they opposed to accept the contents of US-Japan appreciation document by John Do Associates. They thought that US government should not recognize Japan’s control over the Chinese continent, and it can not deter Japan's additional military advance for regions other than China. Therefore, the bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs refuse to the ‘give-and-take’ proposal which presented in the document, and they claimed that the Japanese army should be withdrawn from the Chinese territory completely, and that after the end of the Sino-Japanese War, Japan's influence to the China should be limited.
As seen above, in the process of Japan-US negotiations that began through the establishment of US-Japan appreciation document, the most important issue on the surface was a solution for the Sino-Japanese War problem. However, considering the historical meaning of this problem, disagreement between Japan and the US are not limited to only China's continental area, but the entire order of the entire East Asia after the World war was over. Japan's intentions was advancing southward to attain natural resources and maintaining the influence on the Chinese continent after the war was end. But the bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs understood Japan’s intention as an invasive and predatory policy, so their conclusion was that the US gervernment should stop Japan’s invasive policy. The bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, including Stanley Hornbeck, opposed for American gevernment to yield China issues, and tried to deter Japan’s military advance to southward, from day April 9, 1941, when US-Japan appreciation document has submitted, and they maintained their stance until the Pacific War broke out. We can understand such polical decisions as a purpose of trying to maximize the influence of the United States on the region by stabilizing the order of the entire Pacific coastal area, including the Far East region.

영어초록

In 1940, when France surrendered in Germany and the transition of World War II was greatly changed, the Japanese government tried to contributes to the victory of the German war through the Tripartite Pact, and to establish dominance to the whole East Asian region. The most important challenge for this was the solution of the Sino-Japanese War. Japan tried to keep Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty, and wanted to maintain political and economic dominance in the China continent after the end of the Sino-Japanese War. Meanwhile, the US government cooperated with the British, engaged in European battlefield to respond to the threat of Germany in the Atlantic Ocean, and they established a war plan to defeat Germany. In addition to Germany, the United States was prepared for the attacks of Japan, and established concurrent war performance plans over the Atlantic and Pacific, and shared it with the UK.
Japan-US relationships were deteriorated by Tripartite Pact, a Military Alliance for the purpose of attack America, and America’s selecting the support for China and the strengthening of economic sanctions against Japan. In such a situation, American and Japanese people who have felt a sense of crisis are promoted between the intergovernmental dialogue for the Japan and US, and such efforts made US-Japan appreciation document established and Japan-US negotiations start. The John Doe Associates, a semi-official and a semi-civillian organization wrote US-Japan appreciation document. It shows that Japan will reduce the possibility of attacking US by she interprets Triparite Pack more generously. In order to solve the Sino-Japanese war problem, the US Government will promise to cooperate Japanese government, so she can maintain paramount status in the continental China. Most of the Japanese government officials were satisfied with the document, but the Matsuoka Yosuke Foreign Minister, who thought the Tripartite Pact is critical for Japan’s future, denied this ‘give-and-take’ proposal.
Meanwhile, the bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, thought that the expansion of Japan's influence to Far East will infringe American national interests. And under the circumstance of World War II has broke out, they thought that it is possible that Japan launches additional military action to South East Asia.
For this reason, they opposed to accept the contents of US-Japan appreciation document by John Do Associates. They thought that US government should not recognize Japan’s control over the Chinese continent, and it can not deter Japan's additional military advance for regions other than China. Therefore, the bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs refuse to the ‘give-and-take’ proposal which presented in the document, and they claimed that the Japanese army should be withdrawn from the Chinese territory completely, and that after the end of the Sino-Japanese War, Japan's influence to the China should be limited.
As seen above, in the process of Japan-US negotiations that began through the establishment of US-Japan appreciation document, the most important issue on the surface was a solution for the Sino-Japanese War problem. However, considering the historical meaning of this problem, disagreement between Japan and the US are not limited to only China's continental area, but the entire order of the entire East Asia after the World war was over. Japan's intentions was advancing southward to attain natural resources and maintaining the influence on the Chinese continent after the war was end. But the bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs understood Japan’s intention as an invasive and predatory policy, so their conclusion was that the US gervernment should stop Japan’s invasive policy. The bureaucrats in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, including Stanley Hornbeck, opposed for American gevernment to yield China issues, and tried to deter Japan’s military advance to southward, from day April 9, 1941, when US-Japan appreciation document has submitted, and they maintained their stance until the Pacific War broke out. We can understand such polical decisions as a purpose of trying to maximize the influence of the United States on the region by stabilizing the order of the entire Pacific coastal area, including the Far East region.

참고자료

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