대책문을 통해본 정몽주의 국방 대책과 문무겸용론 (Jeong Mong-Ju’s Suggestions for National Defense (examined through his answers submitted in a national examination), and His Argument of Pursuing both Literary and Military Means)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국중세사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국중세사연구 / 26호 / 233 ~ 264페이지
· 저자명 : 도현철

초록

Examined in this article, is a newly found ‘examination paper’, which was authored by Jeong Mong Ju and submitted to the authorities as an answer to a national examination question.
As everyone would recognize, Jeong Mong-Ju(1337～1392) was a very important person who lived in an era that witnessed a dynastic transfer made from Goryeo to Joseon, but strangely enough, comprehensive studies regarding him were never sufficiently conducted. Then, from a book entitled 『Chaekmun(策文：Book of Questions issued in National Examinations)』, which had been in custody of Japan’s Nagoya(名古屋) library of 蓬左文庫, an ‘examination answer’ written by no other than Jeong Mong-Ju was recently found. 『Chaekmun(策文)』 is a collection of answers that were submitted by people who were taking a national examination during the Joseon dynasty period(the answers were collected and rewritten in Haeng-Choseo-chae style). Submission of the Daechaekmun(對策文) answers was actually the last round of the national examination, and in most cases it was requested of the examinees to document their personal view of a certain situation picked out of their own time. Jeong Mong Ju’s own answer, which was submitted, and then earned him the very first place of successfully passing the examination, reveals what exactly were the issues in the 9th year of King Gongmin-wang’s reign, and how Jeong Mong-Ju planned to address them.
Jeong Mong-Ju argued that figures like Taegongmang(太公望), who practiced military governing(武) based upon benevolence and righteousness(仁義), should be well understood by the commanders living in the present. He also argued that understanding the essence inside military manuals would depend upon who chose to read them and try to understand them. And he concluded that the answer to the current situation, was ultimately to secure and obtain people who could practice literary and military governing at the same time.
At the time, Goryeo government operated upon a system that was based more prominently upon the literary officials. Yet in the meantime, military posts had turned into springboards for political newcomers of powerful houses who wished to elevate their status, and such posts also became a channel of exempting oneself from military duties. As a result, the defensive capability of the dynasty in general severely declined, and it became impossible to effectively defend the country from the invasions of Honggeon-jeok bandits and the Japanese pirates. So the Goryeo government, facing some dire necessities to renew the recruiting system of human resources into the government, ventured out to secure talented military personnel, and reform the entire Yangban bureaucracy system.
Jeong Mong-Ju’s argument of securing new talents who would be able to practice both literary and military means, was designed under intentions of responding to the Honggeon-jeok’s invasions, with the promotion of military studies(武學), which could also be based upon Confucianism’s support of benevolence, righteousness and enlightenment. Such argument was later developed into arguments for the military system reforms, in the ending days of the Goryeo dynasty.

영어초록

Examined in this article, is a newly found ‘examination paper’, which was authored by Jeong Mong Ju and submitted to the authorities as an answer to a national examination question.
As everyone would recognize, Jeong Mong-Ju(1337～1392) was a very important person who lived in an era that witnessed a dynastic transfer made from Goryeo to Joseon, but strangely enough, comprehensive studies regarding him were never sufficiently conducted. Then, from a book entitled 『Chaekmun(策文：Book of Questions issued in National Examinations)』, which had been in custody of Japan’s Nagoya(名古屋) library of 蓬左文庫, an ‘examination answer’ written by no other than Jeong Mong-Ju was recently found. 『Chaekmun(策文)』 is a collection of answers that were submitted by people who were taking a national examination during the Joseon dynasty period(the answers were collected and rewritten in Haeng-Choseo-chae style). Submission of the Daechaekmun(對策文) answers was actually the last round of the national examination, and in most cases it was requested of the examinees to document their personal view of a certain situation picked out of their own time. Jeong Mong Ju’s own answer, which was submitted, and then earned him the very first place of successfully passing the examination, reveals what exactly were the issues in the 9th year of King Gongmin-wang’s reign, and how Jeong Mong-Ju planned to address them.
Jeong Mong-Ju argued that figures like Taegongmang(太公望), who practiced military governing(武) based upon benevolence and righteousness(仁義), should be well understood by the commanders living in the present. He also argued that understanding the essence inside military manuals would depend upon who chose to read them and try to understand them. And he concluded that the answer to the current situation, was ultimately to secure and obtain people who could practice literary and military governing at the same time.
At the time, Goryeo government operated upon a system that was based more prominently upon the literary officials. Yet in the meantime, military posts had turned into springboards for political newcomers of powerful houses who wished to elevate their status, and such posts also became a channel of exempting oneself from military duties. As a result, the defensive capability of the dynasty in general severely declined, and it became impossible to effectively defend the country from the invasions of Honggeon-jeok bandits and the Japanese pirates. So the Goryeo government, facing some dire necessities to renew the recruiting system of human resources into the government, ventured out to secure talented military personnel, and reform the entire Yangban bureaucracy system.
Jeong Mong-Ju’s argument of securing new talents who would be able to practice both literary and military means, was designed under intentions of responding to the Honggeon-jeok’s invasions, with the promotion of military studies(武學), which could also be based upon Confucianism’s support of benevolence, righteousness and enlightenment. Such argument was later developed into arguments for the military system reforms, in the ending days of the Goryeo dynasty.

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