여원관계의 전개와 征東行省理問所의 위상 (evelopment of Goryeo-Mongol Relationship and Status of Imunso at Jeongdonghangseong)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국사연구 / 174호 / 47 ~ 78페이지
· 저자명 : 김난옥

초록

理問所는 刑獄을 관장하는 征東行省의 屬司로서 충렬왕대에 설치되어 공민왕 5년에 폐지될 때까지 고려의 刑獄에 간여하였다. 고려국왕은 정동행성 관원에 대한 保擧權을 가지고 있었으나 충렬왕대의 정인경과 김부윤은 이러한 규정이 마련되기 이전에 이문관에 제수되었다. 또한 충렬왕대 이문관은 刑名이나 決獄과 관련된 이문소 본연의 職掌보다는 여몽 양국의 의사나 상황을 전달하는 일종의 ‘전달자’로 활약하였는데, 능통한 몽골어 실력이 이문관 除授의 주요한 전제조건이 되었다.
충숙왕대 洪彬과 揭以忠 역시 고려국왕의 천거를 받아 理問에 제수되었다. 홍빈은 연경에서 출생한 宿衛 출신으로서 충숙왕의 復位에 공을 세워 이문에 제수되었다. 게이충은 중국 名門 儒家 출신인데 이문으로 재임하면서 고려 舊俗을 元法에 맞추어 변경하려 하였다. 蔣伯祥은 고려를 元의 省으로 만들려는 立省策動에 앞장섰으며, 충숙･충혜왕대에 고려 국내정치에 깊이 개입하였다.
한편 충혜왕이 원으로 被執되면서 고려정국은 혼란스러운 상태에 놓이게 되었다. 奇轍과 洪彬이 정동행성의 일을 주관하게 되었는데, 홍빈이 병을 칭탁하고 물러나면서 정동행성은 기철이 장악하게 되었다. 하지만 德寧公主가 섭정하면서 기철세력과 정치적 공조체제를 유지하였다. 당시 裴佺은 덕녕공주의 최측근으로서 총애를 믿고 用事하였으며, 이문으로 재임 중에 受賂 사건으로 수감되었다가 석방되기를 반복하였다. 이로써 이문관 내지 이문소에 대한 통제가 쉽지 않았음을 알 수 있다.
결국 이문소는 공민왕 5년에 ‘反元改革’의 일환으로 폐지되었다. 고려는 元에 보낸 表文을 보내 이문소가 刑獄을 멋대로 처리하여 폐지가 불가피하였다고 해명하였다. 고려는 이문소가 설치된 이후에도 斷事官이 수시로 파견되어 獄事를 처리하였다. 따라서 고려는 元으로부터 刑政에 대한 ‘中層的인’ 통제를 받고 있었다.

영어초록

Imunso was a department of Jeongdonghangseong during the Goryeo Dynasty that took charge of criminal investigation and imprisonment. Imunso was established during the King Chungryeol’s reign and later shut down in the fifth year of King Gongmin’s reign. A king of the Goryeo Dynasty had bogeogwon—a right to recommend a government official—for officials of Jeongdonghangseong, but both Jeong Ingyeong and Kim Buyun were appointed as imun officials before such rule was set up during the King Chungryeol’s reign. During the King Chungryeol’s reign, imun officials served as ‘messengers’ for communication between Goryeo and Mongol, aside from official duties regarding criminal punishment and investigation of murder cases. For this reason, fluency in Mongol language was a key prerequisite in appointing imun officials.
During the King Chungsuk’s reign, Hong Bin and Ge Echung were appointed as imun officials with recommendation of the king. Hong Bin was a formal sukwi (a member of a royal family sent to an enemy’s country as hostage) who was born in Yanjing, and became an imun official for his service in restoring King Chungsuk to the throne. Ge Echung was from a renowned Confucian family in China, and after becoming an imun official, he tried to revise old customs of the Goryeo Dynasty to be compliant with the Mongol laws. Jang Baeksang led Ipseongchaekdong movement to turn Goryeo into a province of Mongol, and deeply engaged in Goryeo politics during the reign of King Chungsuk and King Chunghye.
As King Chunghye became a captive in Mongol, the Goryeo government fell into a chaos. Gi Cheol and Hong Bin took charge of affairs at Jeongdonghangseong, and when Hong Bin resigned due to ill health, Gi Cheol took over the office. However, Princess Deoknyeong ruled as a regent, and the two maintained a collaborative relationship in politics. Bae Jeon was very close to the princess and earned her trust. While serving as imun official, he was involved in a bribery scandal and sent to and released from prison repeatedly. These suggest that it was not easy to control imun officials or imunso.
Eventually, imunso was shut down in the fifth year of King Gongmin’s reign as part of anti-Mongol reform efforts. The Goryeo government sent pyomun—an official letter to king—to Mongol, explaining that imunso had to be closed down as its officials did not follow rules in administering criminal punishment and imprisonment. Even when imunso was functioning, dansa official was occasionally dispatched from Mongol to intervene in criminal investigation. That is, Mongol exerted control over administration of criminal investigation and imprisonment in Goryeo at multiple levels.

참고자료

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