甲骨文 字形으로 본 中國 商代의 衛生文化 (In the Oracle bone script Sanitary culture of the Shang Dynasty China)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동아인문학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동아인문학 / 37호 / 317 ~ 342페이지
· 저자명 : 김영현

초록

갑골문을 통해 상대인들의 위생문화에 관한 전반적인 상황들을 살펴봄으로써 건강한 삶을 지키고자 했던 그들만의 생활상을 여러 방면에서 확실하게 엿볼 수 있었다.
혐오스럽고 비위생적인 배설물 처리를 위해 측간을 만들어 환경오염을 줄이고 더불어 농경사회의 부족한 거름을 확보하기 위한 공간으로도 활용하는 상대인들의 삶의 지혜를 엿 볼 수 있었다. 또한 개인의 위생을 위하여 손발은 물론 목욕과 머리감기 등 신체를 자주 씻는 습관이 있었으며 특히 수건을 차고 다니면서 수시로 땀과 노폐물을 씻어내는 등 신체 청결을 상당히 중시했음을 알 수 있었다.
火食을 통해 음식속의 균을 박멸하여 위생적으로 안전하게 섭취하는 습관이 있었으며, 식품의 부패를 막기 위하여 지하저장고를 만들어 음식을 신선하게 보관하는 방법도 터득하였다. 안전한 식수공급을 위하여 강이나 하천 등에 의지했던 식수원을 피하고 우물을 설치하여 안전하고 위생적인 식수도 공급하였다는 것을 확인하였다.
의복은 상대에도 다양한 기능을 인식하여 기후의 변화에 맞춰 여름에는 견직물을 이용하고 겨울에는 동물의 가죽과 털을 이용하여 옷을 만들어 입는 등 신체보호를 위하여 다양하게 이용하였다.
상대의 주거환경은 반혈거 형태를 갖추고 있어 대부분 움집의 바닥에서 생활하기 때문에 비위생적이었다. 따라서 그들은 점점 지면위로 올라오면서 벽과 지붕을 만들기 시작하였고, 채광과 환기를 고려해 문과 창을 만든 주거형태를 갖추게 되었다. 이러한 주거형태는 지면이 아닌 높은 기반위에 세워졌기 때문에 방수나 방습의 효과가 있어 상당히 위생적이며, 차가운 바닥은 돗자리를 사용함으로서 신체를 보호하였다. 특히 생활폐수나 오염수의 처리를 위하여 지하 배수관을 설치하여 모든 오염수를 외부로 유출시킴으로서 위생적인 환경을 만들려는 상대인들의 위생에 대한 의식을 엿볼 수 있었다.

영어초록

From now, we looked into overall situations concerning hygiene culture of Shang Dynasty people through oracle bone script. oracle bone script reflected on hygiene culture of Shang Dynasty people as it stands, so we could easily examine their living conditions which tried to obey their healthy lives from many aspects. Therefore, we was able to draw a conclusion in this article like this.
First, clean atmosphere became as the first priority for main methods helping to prevent diseases in suffering from many diseases and contagious diseases. They used to learn how to use water for minimizing dust and made brooms for sweeping. Moreover, we could peep through their importance on maintaining clean atmosphere by making dustpan for preventing waste anywhere and we also was able to feel amazing life wisdom of Shang Dynasty people who made an outhouse to special space for dealing with disgusting, insanitary excretion and setting aside fertilizer which were very deficient in agrarian society.
Second, one of the base elements is maintaining physical cleanliness for preventing diseases. We could know how physical cleanliness is important for them through their towels for using to sweep moisture after having a shower and they carried them at their waist for sweeping dirty things frequently. Particularly we could know that Shang Dynasty people washed their foots frequently through many pictures which show washing their foots in oracle bone script and it means foots are exposed in many impurities from outside in agriculture and farming age.
Third, through 火食, we could see they made storage for preventing decay of food and had habits that tried to eat safe food by eradiating germs in food. Particularly, they learned how to save food fresh by making underground storage. Also we could know they contemplated in eating cleanliness by using large mortar for polishing peel of grain and they supplied sanitary water by setting pond invading drinking water source depended on river or stream.
Fourth, clothes were essential things for protecting their skins from outside and adjusting their temperature invading heatstroke in summer. Shang Dynasty people also recognized various functions of clothes and used them fitting change of climates such as silk fabrics in summer and furs and hair of animals in winter for protecting their skin.
Fifth, their living conditions were quite lack of sanitary because they lived in floors of dugout huts mostly having 半穴居 shapes.
Additionally, they started to make wall and roofs as they came up over the land and dwelling patterns considering skylight and ventilation. This kind of dwelling patterns was so effective in sanitary aspect because they could get dampproofing and waterproofing effects. Also, they protected their bodies from cold floor by using mats. Particularly, we could learn Shang Dynasty people's hygiene levels through their efforts to make sanitary atmosphere by flowing out contaminated water to outside through underground drains for dealing with domestic waste water and polluted water.

참고자료

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