고구려 인동문 와당의 형태와 문양 변화 (Styles and transformations in design of honeysuckle roof-end tiles in Koguryo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사상문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국사상과 문화 / 50호 / 193 ~ 223페이지
· 저자명 : 김희찬

초록

고구려에서는 인동문이 장식문양으로 유입된 이후 인동문 와당이 독자적으로 발생하게 되었고, 이 인동문 와당은 권운문, 연화문 와당과 더불어 고구려 와당의 한 축을 형성하고 있었다. 인동문 와당은 융기선이 가는 것에서 굵은 것으로 전환되고 있었기 때문에 이를 기준삼아 Ⅰ식 細線型, Ⅱ식 中細線型, Ⅲ식 太線型으로 분류할 수 있었다.
Ⅰ식 와당은 세선형으로 적색 점토질 태토로 제작되었으며, 연화문과 귀면문 와당과 동반 출토되고 있다. 따라서 집안지역에서 적색 태토 와당은 대체로 5세기 말엽에서 6세기 초엽 경에 이루어지고 있었기 때문에 이와 동반하는 인동문 와당도 이 시기에 출현했던 것으로 파악하였다.
이에 비해 Ⅱ식 와당은 중세선형으로 Ⅰ식에 비해 점차 회전성 강조되면서 역동적인 와당으로 변모하고 있었다. Ⅱ식 와당은 자방의 형태에 따라 Ⅱa식과 Ⅱb식으로 분류될 수 있었는데, Ⅱa식은 진파리 1호분에 표현된 회전문양과 대비시켜 그 시기는 6세기 초엽에서 중엽 경으로 편년할 수 있었다. 그리고 평양지역에서 독자적으로 나타나는 Ⅱb식은 연화문 와당에서 시기적 변화를 보이고 있는 자방의 형태와 비교하여 6세기 중엽에서 말엽에 이르는 시기로 판단하였다.
Ⅲ식 와당은 태선형으로 평양지역에서는 4구역 연화문 와당 등의 영향으로 4가지 인동문 와당이 출현하고 있다. 이러한 형태적 특징은 정형성이 완전히 상실한 지역화된 와당으로 변질되었음을 보여주고 있다. 이처럼 고구려 와당이 정형성이 상실되어 기존의 형태와는 다른 방향으로 전개되는 것이 7세기 대에 이르면 보편화되고 있다. 이러한 점을 감안한다면 Ⅲ식 와당도 7세기 대의 와당으로 잠정 편년할 수 있었다.

영어초록

This thesis focus on the honeysuckle roof-end tiles appeared in Koguryo exclusively. To chronicle and classify the mode of this roof-end tiles, I pay attention to the elements of design like rising lines, formal changes of ovary shape, and revolving figures of design in time flow. Primarily I conclude that the mode of honeysuckle roof-end tiles is based on the thickness of rising lines and it can be classified in three styles: type Ⅰ thin line style; type Ⅱ mid-thin line style; type Ⅲ thick line style.
Type Ⅰ thin line style has the formal characteristic of ovary shape+non revolving figures, and ovary shape has little hemisphere protuberance in it's thin line+circle board. As this kind of roof-end tiles discovered in the Jian Area, I understand that it is closely related to the honeysuckle design halo of the 6th Yungang Grottoes(476~483). All of the typeⅠ roof-end tiles were made by red soil, and lotus flower design and monster-mask design roof-end tiles with red soil has been excavated in company with it.
It is possible that the honeysuckle design introduced in Koguryo in the middle of 5th century, but it seems that the use of honeysuckle design for roof-end tiles was later than the middle of 5th century. Because the turning point of soil's color from gray to red is conjectured in the late 5th or the early 6th century. So it can be concluded that the appearance time of typeⅠ was about the late 5th or the early 6th century.
On the modes of ovary, type Ⅱ mid-thin line style is divided as Ⅱa style and Ⅱb style. The formal characteristics of Ⅱa are ovary shape which has little hemisphere protuberance in it's mid-thin line+circle board and revolving figures . And the formal characteristics of Ⅱb are mid-thin line and hemisphere ovary shape which is added dividing line and lotus pearl design and revolving figures. Especially Ⅱb type is discovered in Pyungyang area only, so it shows up the regional peculiarity. TypeⅡ which fortified revolving figures was changed into more active than typeⅠ. In the 1st tomb of Jinpari, this revolving figure is remarkable. If we consider the building time of the 1st tomb of Jinpari, Ⅱa can be chronicled in the early of 6th century or the middle of 6th century. And comparing with the modes of ovary in lotus flower design roof-end tiles, Ⅱb can be chronicled in the middle or late of 6th century.
Type Ⅲ thick line style has the characteristic of thick line+hemisphere ovary shape and revolving figure. Thick line style is founded in Jian and Pyungyang area each. In Jian, for Ⅱa style, not going through Ⅱb style, directly linked to typeⅢ, thick line style maintain the standard formation of honeysuckle roof-end style. But in Pyungyang area, typeⅢ progressed totally different direction with typeⅡ.
Because of the influence of four parts lotus flower roof-end tiles that are the distinctive character of Pyungyang area, four kinds of honeysuckle roof-end tiles were appeared. After all in typeⅢ, standard formation was disappeared and changed to the regional formation of roof-end tiles. By 7th century, the standard formations of Koguryo roof-end tiles could not found. In this respect, I concluded provisionally that the chronicle of typeⅢ is 7th century.

참고자료

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