百濟金屬工藝의 印刻技法과 魚子文 考察 (A Study of the Stamping Technique (印刻技法) and the Fish-egg designs (魚子文) on the Baekje Metal Work)

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· 저자명 : 이귀영

초록

A metalwork technique of circle, bead, or fish-egg designs using chisels has been called the “Fish-egg design technique.” As this term has been used to describe both the technique and the design, a distinction needs to be made between them. Also, there are various designs like dot design(dot row design), double dot row design, or fish-scale design, which are worked on metal using chisels. This decorative technique of metalwork is termed as the “Stamping technique” in this paper.
The Gilt-bronze Belt Ornament excavated from the Mongchon Toseong Fortress from the first half of the 4th century is the earliest extant example to use the stamping technique from the Baekje period of Korea, but that was an imported object from the West Jin, China. In the Baekje kingdom, the technique began to be used in earnest for dot design on the Gilt-bronze Crown unearthed from the Tomb No. 1 of Suchon-ri, presumably dating between the late 4th and early 5th centuries. In the second half of the 5th century, it was applied to the fish-scale design on the Gilt-bronze Crown excavated from Ipjeom-ri, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do province. In the early 6th century, it was applied to decorate double dot row design on the Silver Cup and Copper Stand excavated from the Tomb of King Muryeong. In addition, circle designs were decorated on the nodes of tortoiseshell designs in the early 6th century, rendered in the form of bead designs on Buddha figures in the mid-6th century, and adopted in the form of fish-egg designs on the sarira jars excavated from the stone pagoda on the site of Mireuksa temple dating from 639.
The Stamping technique was largely applied on ornaments, Buddhist sculpture or Buddhist craftwork. At first, it was found mostly on prestige goods such as gilt bronze crowns and ornamental shoes but its focus gradually shifted toward Buddhist craftworks such as Buddha statues and reliquaries. This trend was in line with the general trend in the handicraft work of the Baekje period. The technique was also widely used in products of the time, from highest prestige goods such as gilt bronze crowns, ornamental shoes, and swords with a ring decoration on the handle to highest quality artifacts such as Buddha statues and sarira cases. The metalwork stamping technique made great contribution to enhancing and enriching the quality of the Baekje metalwork.
As can be seen in the Sarira Jars(outer and inner jars) unearthed from the stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple dating from 639, Baekje kingdom had already introduced fish-egg design before it was widespread in China, to produce outstanding works by its highly-skilled artisans. Such an active adoption of new trend provides an evidence for the kingdom’s proactive attitude toward moving along with the international trends, symbolically demonstrating the cultural status of Baekje at the time.
The bead designs and the fish-egg designs have been discovered consecutively from artifacts unearthed from West Asia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, which can be understood as an outcome of constant cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. Baekje also played an important role in introducing the metalwork technique and the designs to Japan.

영어초록

A metalwork technique of circle, bead, or fish-egg designs using chisels has been called the “Fish-egg design technique.” As this term has been used to describe both the technique and the design, a distinction needs to be made between them. Also, there are various designs like dot design(dot row design), double dot row design, or fish-scale design, which are worked on metal using chisels. This decorative technique of metalwork is termed as the “Stamping technique” in this paper.
The Gilt-bronze Belt Ornament excavated from the Mongchon Toseong Fortress from the first half of the 4th century is the earliest extant example to use the stamping technique from the Baekje period of Korea, but that was an imported object from the West Jin, China. In the Baekje kingdom, the technique began to be used in earnest for dot design on the Gilt-bronze Crown unearthed from the Tomb No. 1 of Suchon-ri, presumably dating between the late 4th and early 5th centuries. In the second half of the 5th century, it was applied to the fish-scale design on the Gilt-bronze Crown excavated from Ipjeom-ri, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do province. In the early 6th century, it was applied to decorate double dot row design on the Silver Cup and Copper Stand excavated from the Tomb of King Muryeong. In addition, circle designs were decorated on the nodes of tortoiseshell designs in the early 6th century, rendered in the form of bead designs on Buddha figures in the mid-6th century, and adopted in the form of fish-egg designs on the sarira jars excavated from the stone pagoda on the site of Mireuksa temple dating from 639.
The Stamping technique was largely applied on ornaments, Buddhist sculpture or Buddhist craftwork. At first, it was found mostly on prestige goods such as gilt bronze crowns and ornamental shoes but its focus gradually shifted toward Buddhist craftworks such as Buddha statues and reliquaries. This trend was in line with the general trend in the handicraft work of the Baekje period. The technique was also widely used in products of the time, from highest prestige goods such as gilt bronze crowns, ornamental shoes, and swords with a ring decoration on the handle to highest quality artifacts such as Buddha statues and sarira cases. The metalwork stamping technique made great contribution to enhancing and enriching the quality of the Baekje metalwork.
As can be seen in the Sarira Jars(outer and inner jars) unearthed from the stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple dating from 639, Baekje kingdom had already introduced fish-egg design before it was widespread in China, to produce outstanding works by its highly-skilled artisans. Such an active adoption of new trend provides an evidence for the kingdom’s proactive attitude toward moving along with the international trends, symbolically demonstrating the cultural status of Baekje at the time.
The bead designs and the fish-egg designs have been discovered consecutively from artifacts unearthed from West Asia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, which can be understood as an outcome of constant cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. Baekje also played an important role in introducing the metalwork technique and the designs to Japan.

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