이상의 『12월12일』에 발현된 무의식연구 (A Study on Lee Sang's Unconsciousness, Revealed on 'December 12th')

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국동양예술학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양예술 / 20호 / 303 ~ 325페이지
· 저자명 : 강윤신

초록

‘불행한 운명’으로 태어났지만, 끝내 불행에서 벗어날 수 없었던 이상. 이상은 자신의 불행한 운명을 다른 운명으로 바꿀 수 있는 방법은 다시 새롭게 태어나는 길 밖에 없다고 생각하였다. 곧 자아재생을 꿈꾼다. 그러나 현실적으로 불가능한 바, 결국 이상은 한 인간의 운명을 좌지우지하고 있는 것은 전적으로 우연에 의한 것임을 깨닫는다. 그래서 그는 『12월 12일』을 통해서 자신의 불행할 수밖에 없었던 삶 역시 운명이라는 우연이었음을 토론한다.
그간 소설 『12월 12일』의 (조두영) 연구를 살펴보면 이상의 무의식세계를 어머니에 대한 모태회귀로 보고 있다. 그러나 근본적으로 이상의 정신세계를 분석하기 위해서는 어머니에 대한 양가감정에 대한 보다 정밀한 분석이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구자는 어머니에 대한 양가감정으로 접근하여 프로이트의 영유아의 정신성적 발달단계와 직접 연결시키고자 한다.
이상은 무수히 모태회귀를 갈망하면서도 또 다른 한편으로는 어머니와의 단절을 꿈꾸는 외디푸스 콤플렉스를 극복하려고 시도하였다. 그러나 그는 어머니와의 일치감이 형성되지 못하고 큰집으로 양자로 보내졌기 때문에 결코 성공할 수 없었다. 어머니와의 완전한 일치감을 형성한 다음단계에서만이 어머니에게로부터 자아독립을 할 수 있기 때문이다. 그래서 이상의 어머니 천시실패는 그가 타고난 운명처럼 어쩔 수 없는 저장에 놓여있다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 그는 그런 운명까지도 새롭게 만들고 싶어 했으며, 결국 재생을 꿈꾸기에 이른다.

영어초록

Though Lee Sang was adopted to his father's elder brother's family, he was dominated by the thought that he was abandoned by his parents in unconsciousness. According to Spitz, people who lost their birth mothers around when weaning have a huge mental blow, and even can be killed by it. When they are grown up to kids, they are very quiet, feel cheap and live under the feelings like rage for being abandoned, and a guilty conscience and self-contempt caused by self-interpretation in which they think that they probably have done something wrong. Such an anaclitic depression becomes a basic emotion of them, and this is left as a basic emotion in unconsciousness even after being adults. If they encounter something similar to the shock from losing mothers in childhood like divorce, bereavement, rejection and losing a job, the symptoms of depression come back even when they are adults.
Lee Sang's 'Sad Story' was written in 2-3 years after his uncle died. Around that time, Lee Sang started living back with his birth parents and a grandmother.
‘Someday, I will go down secretly while you guys are in deep sleep. This is the only thought written. Without telling to my parents or calling my friends, I will go down like a child that is abandoned…’This is Lee Sang's revelation of unconsciousness in which he will not look after his parents after going down when they are asleep(just as he was one day moved to his uncle's house while he was sleeping in his childhood), just like they abandoned him while he was sleeping.
Like above, Lee Sang's sense of abandonment was hiding in his unconsciousness with grudge, anger, revengeful thought and self-destroying drive even after being an adult.
On the other hand, Lee Sang was running around the alleys whenever he missed his mother. He probably hope to meet his mother who was selling muk(jello) by chance. Lee Sang showed remarkable double-sided feelings about his mother.
From the novel, 'December 12th', Up feels scared by his anger. He is terribly angry especially when Lee Sang Misses his birth mother. At that time, Lee Sang probably felt a fear of castration. In this novel, he becomes the uncle that is his foster father. Children who earlier experienced consentience with their mothers mostly give up their mothers due to the fear of castration. Going through this process, children in the phallic stage overcome incestuous Oedipus complex. However, it might not be easy for Lee Sang to overcome Oedipus complex. Thus sea bathing becomes a link to his mother. The sea bathing is the ocean which is the amniotic fluid in mother's womb.
In Lee Sang's unconsciousness, the nurse C in the novel reveals as Lee Sang's mother. Going to the beach with the nurse C who is Up's lover is Lee Sang's unconscious desire to go back to the inside of his mother.
The novel burns down a bathing kit that contains such meanings. With the first arson, Up's bathing kit was burnt, which is the arson not by Lee Sang, but by him(uncle). It was a defense against incest, performed not by himself, but by others. With the second arson, however, Lee Sang buys a bathing kit and burns it in front of him. It could be a revenge that has been dreamed on him(including his parents) and also killing mother with his self-will. However, killing mother here means not mature self-independence from mother, but a mental state that denies his mother.
He who denies his mother 'has to forget about the past' and deny himself. He who denies himself has no choice but killing himself.
As Lee Sang carries out revenge with his death, he dreams of regeneration. The new generation is clearly described in the novel. It shows his thought about destiny and coincidence that can change someone's destiny. And in seven years, the existing cells will be all dead and replaced by new ones.
The existing studies on the novel, 'December 12th' usually analyzed it as double-sided feelings and returning to matrix. However, this study examined it in connection with Freud's infants mental/sexual development stages by approaching more detailed double-sided feelings about mother. Lee Sang's unconsciousness is not formed unilinearly. While he longed for returning to matrix so bad, he also attempted to overcome Oedipus complex as dreaming of cutting off from his mother. However, it might not be successful to do that because he was sent to his uncle's house when he had not yet form consentience with his mother. It is because it is possible to have self-independence from mother only in the next stage after forming a complete consentience with mother. Just like his destiny, Lee Sang's failure in disdaining mother is just stored. However, he wanted to newly create his destiny and eventually, it might become a chance to dream of regeneration.

참고자료

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