남조 목탑의 축조기법과 주변 국가와의 교류 - 남경 西營村 목탑지를 중심으로 (China’s Southern Dynasties of Construction Technique of Wooden Pagodas and Exchanges with Neighboring Countries - Based on the Wooden Pagoda Site in Xiyingcun, Nanjing, China)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 백제학회
· 수록지 정보 : 백제학보 / 42호 / 5 ~ 34페이지
· 저자명 : 양은경

초록

남경시 서영촌에서 발굴된 사원지는 1탑1금당식 가람배치, 건물지 축조기술, 사리 장엄구, 소조상 등 남조불교문화를 대변하는 최초의 발견으로 평가받고 있다. 특히, 목탑지의 경우 기단부의 축조양상을 구체적으로확인할 수 있는 귀중한 남조 사례로 인정받았을 뿐 아니라 그 시대 주변 국가 즉, 북조, 백제, 일본 등과의 교류와 영향관계를 읽어내는데 중요한 자료로 여겨지고 있다. 이에 본고는 지금까지 남조 목탑 유적의 실물자료가 없었던 기존의 제한적인 시각에서 벗어나 서영촌 목탑지를 중심으로 북조, 백제, 신라, 일본을 포함하는거시적인 차원으로 토목기술에 대해 살펴볼 것을 목표로 하였다. 결과적으로 본고의 고찰을 통해, 축조기법을비롯한 목탑 구조와 결구방식 등 남조와 백제, 특히 ‘남조 건강―백제 사비’는 너무나도 밀착되어 있었다는 결론에 도달하게 되었다.
우선 목탑지의 기단부 축조기법을 기준으로 남조 토목기술에 대해 고찰한 결과, 지하부에서는 원시적인 토석혼축 판축기법이 확인되었으며, 지상부에서는 높은 판축대(탑심실체)의 존재는 발견되지 않았다. 또한 지하식 심초석, 사도(斜道), 탑심실체가 없는 목탑 축조기법의 계보에 대해서는 기존 학계의 추정안과는 달리 남조→백제→일본의 계보를 강조하였다. 이에 덧붙여 토석혼축 판축기법 그 자체는 남조→북조와 백제→신라로그 기술적인 계보를 짐작해 보았다.
남북조 목탑의 고층 축조기법의 기원을 추적한 결과, 그 기원처는 서로 다른 것으로 추정하였다. 남조의순(純)목탑 계통은 동한대부터 사라지기 시작한 판축토대를 아예 없애버리는 토목기술로 점진적으로 나아간데 비해 북조 목탑은 서주시기부터 고층건물의 구축을 위해 활용된 高臺 일명 높은 판축토대의 토목기술을이어받았던 것으로 추정하였다. 이와 같이, 남과 북의 고층 목조건물, 즉 목탑에 사용된 전통적인 토목공법의 연결과 단절이라는 차이가 드러나게 된 원인으로는 자연·지리 환경적인 차이를 제시하였다.
서영촌 목탑지의 축조기법은 토석혼축, 지하식 심초석, 사도, 순목탑이라는 키워드로 압축될 수 있으며, 이러한 토목기술의 계통은 ‘북조―백제’가 아닌 ‘남조―백제’로 이어짐을 다시 한번 입증하게 해 주었다는 점에서 그 의의와 가치는 충분하다고 볼 수 있다.

영어초록

The construction technique of a stylobate for wooden pagodas built in Xiyingcun(西營村), Nanjing, China during the Southern Dynasties period was confirmed as rammed earth using a combination of earth and stones, considering that its technical level was at a basic stage. This rammed earth technique has not been found in other heritage artifacts from the Southern Dynasties except the wooden pagodas in Xiyingcun. However, it was discovered in a more technically advanced style from wooden pagodas built during the Northern Dynasties, which was about 50 to 100 years later than the previous period.
Then, after some 50 years, in Korea, Baekje’s stone pagodas and Silla’s wooden pagodas have come to exhibit the same rammed earth technique, but are slightly changed further than before.
The rammed earth core technique using earth and stones, which is found in wooden pagodas built during the Southern Dynasties in the mid and late fifth century in China, seems to have been transferred from the Southern to Northern Dynasties and from the Northern Dynasties to Baekje and Silla in Korea. However, such a hypothesis must still be proved, so this study focuses on other techniques of constructing wooden pagodas such as a central pillar foundation and pagoda interior. In conclusion, it was estimated that the construction structure of wooden pagodas of the Southern Dynasties in Xiyingcun has included a capital pillar placed deep underground without a pagoda interior on the ground, but is made of purely wooden materials connected to each other. In this regard, the conclusion drawn in this paper is due to studying both the past research results based on documented records and the latest excavation results of wooden pagodas in Xiyingcun.
Above all, it was thought that wooden pagodas of the Southern Dynasties are related to the wooden pagodas built during Baekje’s Sabi period and the ancient wooden pagodas of Japan.
Thus, the wooden pagodas’ stylobate of the Southern and Northern Dynasties was built using the same construction technique using the rammed earth combining earth and stones. However, the existence or nonexistence of a pagoda interior made them different.
Therefore, this study goes further into detailed genealogy of these two origins, rather than just summarizing them.
As a result, it was estimated that the Northern Dynasties’s wooden pagodas were built by inheriting the tall platform construction technique to build a high structure from the Western Zhou period, while those of the Southern Dynasties gradually adopted the construction technique, which eventually excluded the rammed earth foundation from the Eastern Han period. In addition, this study seeks to find the cause of the difference between the connection and disconnection of construction techniques used for high wooden structures built in the different periods, from wooden pagodas of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was thought that the natural, geographical, and environmental differences between the Southern and Northern Dynasties resulted in the succession and extinction of three different elements such as a combination of earth and stones, pure wooden pagoda, and existence of pagoda interior, let alone the technique to build a high wooden pagoda.
Moreover, as a result of studying the ancient exchanges in East Asia during the Northern and Southern Dynasties by synthesizing the construction conditions and techniques of a stylobate and high structures, a different conclusion was drawn from an existing contention. It was estimated that the wooden pagodas of Baekje’s Sabi period and ancient Japan, which are characterized by the rammed earth technique and capital pillar foundation, are connected to the Southern Dynasties. Also, regarding the genealogy of the technique of constructing a wooden pagoda using the rammed earth technique and underground capital pillar foundation, and without a pagoda interior, this study emphasizes on the genealogy of the Southern Dynasties to Baekje and then Japan, contrary to the prevailing presumptions of academia.
Most of all, it was judged that the tradition of the rammed earth technique using earth and stones was continued from the Southern Dynasties to Northern Dynasties and Baekje, and then Silla as well. As for the connection between them, the rammed earth technique used aggregate (gravel) for wooden pagodas at the Wangheungsa Temple Site and Yeongjeong-ri Site, which were out of the limelight, was suggested as a connecting link.
Regarding the rammed earth technique using large rubble stones found at one of Baekje’s pagoda sites of the seventh century, this study leaves open the possibility of Baekje’s unique characteristics and exchanges with both the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

참고자료

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