새마을운동에 대한 새로운 이해 - 이제는 우리의 목소리를 들어라 - (A New Understanding of Saemaul Undong (The New Village Movement) Now Listen to Our Voice)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국민대학교 한국학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 한국학논총 / 48권 / 321 ~ 350페이지
· 저자명 : 김영미

초록

이 논문은 참여 주체들의 구체적인 경험을 통해 새마을운동의 다면성을 드러내는 것을 목적으로 한다.
새마을운동의 주체를 ‘박정희 정부’에서 ‘마을’,‘농민’,‘여성’,‘새마을지도자’로 돌리게 되면 우리는 전혀 다른 목소리를 듣게 된다. 박정희 정부의 새마을운동은1970년 시작되었지만, 농민들이 그들의 마을을 새마을로 만들려는 노력은 그들마을의 역사와 함께 부단하게 지속되었다. 농민 사회의 오래된 새마을운동의 역사 위에 1970년대 박정희 정부의 새마을운동이 중첩되어 있었다.
박정희 정부의 새마을운동은 당시 한국 농촌 마을이 가진 근대화 동력을 국가적으로 전유함으로써 가능했다. 국가의 전유 과정만큼이나 중요하게 살펴볼부분은 마을이 가진 자생적인 변화 동력이다.
1960년을 전후한 시점부터 마을공동체를 주도하는 새 농민들은 일제말기 초등학교와 해방이후 중등학교를 다닌 근대 교육을 받은 농민들이었다. 교육, 군대, 유학이나 직장 경험 등을 통해 외부세계를 체험하고 돌아온 이들에게 고향마을은 낙후되고 불합리했다. 이들은 자신들의 고향마을을 살만한 곳으로 바꾸는 주체로 등장하기 시작했다. 1950년대 후반부터 새 농민들에 의한 크고 작은농촌마을의 변화들이 나타나고 있었으며 그러한 성공사례들의 국가적인 전유를통해 1970년대 새마을운동이 전개되었다.

영어초록

This research aims to determine how the research on Saemaul Undong has developed and to reveal various facets of Saemaul Undong through specific accounts of the actual participants.
When shifting our focus of the agency of Saemaul Undong from the Park Chung Hee administration to the villages, farmers, women, or New Village leaders, we hear completely different voices.
I have conducted research on famers’ experience of modernization in the rural areas for about eighteen years. Hearing their voice from their point of view, studying their own records, and witnessing village monuments, my view of Saemaul Undong was completely “rectified.” Although the Park Chung Hee administration’s Saemaul Undong started in 1970, famers’ efforts to make their villages into new villages had existed and ceaselessly continued along with the history of the villages. In understanding the characteristics of Saemaul Undong, it is important to acknowledge the fact that the Park Chung Hee administration’s Saemaul Undong in the 1970s is just piled up on the much longer history of Saemaul Undong of the rural community.
Saemaul Undong by the Park Chung Hee government was made possible because it nationally appropriated the rural community’s driving forces towards modernization that they had grown autonomously. What is worth studying as much as the state appropriation of those forces is the autonomous forces towards transformation that the rural community possessed.
When Saemaul Undong was carried out, villages throughout the country had the conditions and capacities to respond to the policy. Although it varied according to each village, starting in the early to mid 1960s, the old village heads started to be replaced with young men in their thirties. In addition to their young age, these village heads who would play the leading role in Saemaul Undong were much different from their parents’ generation who barely learned Chinese classics or read a thousand Chinese characters.
They were the ones who received modern education during the late colonial and post-liberation period. Also, as the military conscription system started in the 1950s, these people became the first generation to have the military experience right after school. They also had experiences of living in urban areas away from the countryside villages. These people who decided to stay in their home villages to take over their family businesses instead of starting new lives in the cities were the “new farmers.” To those who had experienced modern education, military, studying in urban areas, or working in a company, their home villages in the rural area looked backward and irrational. Therefore they emerged as the active agents of change who would make their villages – the one in which they would be buried after all – into a better place.
The most important characteristic of Saemaul Undong is that it was a “village” movement. Saemaul Undong was not carried out at the individual level, but at the village level that mobilized individual farmers through the power of the village community. What was at stake was the drift of the village authority that would work as a broker between the villagers and the state. The high degree of participation among farmers in Saemaul Undong was based on the changes of the village leadership. The new village leadership was the important force who would respond to the Park government because of their common goal of modernizing the rural area. In other words, the main working mechanism of Saemaul Undong was the state mobilizing the farmers through the medium of the village leaders.

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