Kipper(כּפר) 의미와 우리말 번역에 관한 제언 –『개역개정판』, 『표준새번역』, 『공동번역개정판』을 중심으로– (A Proposal on the Meaning and Korean Translation of Kipper)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : (재)대한성서공회 성경번역연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 성경원문연구 / 25호 / 7 ~ 29페이지
· 저자명 : 노세영

초록

On the one hand, the term kipper which has given the biblical foundation to the doctrine of atonement of the Christian theology has been translated as ‘atone for’ by many scholars. On the other hand, some scholars, including J. Milgrom, have raised questions on the interpretation of kipper as ‘atone/expiate for’. Especially, based on the fact that human is not used as the direct object of kipper, kipper is the activity to purify the sanctuary and its sancta for the people. To translate either ‘atone/expiate for’ or ‘purify’, however, does not seems to be adequate for the modern Korean translations of the Bible because the meaning of ‘atone for’ is generally different from that of ‘purify’.
In order to understand the meaning of kipper in the cultic context, we need to know what the result of kipper is and who the recipients of kipper are. The verbs which express the result of kipper can be largely divided into two groups. One is ‘to be forgiven’ while the other is related to the verbs, ‘to be clean’, ‘to purify’, and ‘to sanctify’. In all texts of ‘kipper + to be forgiven(□□□□)’, the recipients of kipper are people who have sinned intentionally or unintentionally, and their sins are forgiven by performing kipper. In case of the second group, kipper is used with ‘to be clean(□□□)’, ‘to purify(□□□)’, or ‘to sanctify(□□□)’. Sometimes kipper also has □□□ with □□□ or □□□. This means that the object of kipper is changed from the state of ‘cleanness’ to the state of ‘purification’, and finally to the state of ‘holiness’. In this case, objects of kipper can be people who are unclean and certain things which are in the sanctuary and its sancta. Accordingly, the verb kipper is not simply limited to either ‘atone/expiate for’ or ‘purify’, but rather expanded to mean ‘to be holy’. So kipper should be interpreted adequately on the basis of the Korean language.
Such understanding of kipper can be affirmed by the fact that the cultic society of Israel has to be a holy community. The society of Israel, which has always been threatened by the natural uncleanness or the prohibited uncleanness caused by sins, has had to restore and maintain their holiness from the uncleanness through their salvation by God’s presence. According to cultic texts, Israel must undergo the change process from uncleanness to cleanness, from cleanness to purification, and from purification to sanctification through the sacrifices of kipper so that they can restore and maintain holiness.

영어초록

On the one hand, the term kipper which has given the biblical foundation to the doctrine of atonement of the Christian theology has been translated as ‘atone for’ by many scholars. On the other hand, some scholars, including J. Milgrom, have raised questions on the interpretation of kipper as ‘atone/expiate for’. Especially, based on the fact that human is not used as the direct object of kipper, kipper is the activity to purify the sanctuary and its sancta for the people. To translate either ‘atone/expiate for’ or ‘purify’, however, does not seems to be adequate for the modern Korean translations of the Bible because the meaning of ‘atone for’ is generally different from that of ‘purify’.
In order to understand the meaning of kipper in the cultic context, we need to know what the result of kipper is and who the recipients of kipper are. The verbs which express the result of kipper can be largely divided into two groups. One is ‘to be forgiven’ while the other is related to the verbs, ‘to be clean’, ‘to purify’, and ‘to sanctify’. In all texts of ‘kipper + to be forgiven(□□□□)’, the recipients of kipper are people who have sinned intentionally or unintentionally, and their sins are forgiven by performing kipper. In case of the second group, kipper is used with ‘to be clean(□□□)’, ‘to purify(□□□)’, or ‘to sanctify(□□□)’. Sometimes kipper also has □□□ with □□□ or □□□. This means that the object of kipper is changed from the state of ‘cleanness’ to the state of ‘purification’, and finally to the state of ‘holiness’. In this case, objects of kipper can be people who are unclean and certain things which are in the sanctuary and its sancta. Accordingly, the verb kipper is not simply limited to either ‘atone/expiate for’ or ‘purify’, but rather expanded to mean ‘to be holy’. So kipper should be interpreted adequately on the basis of the Korean language.
Such understanding of kipper can be affirmed by the fact that the cultic society of Israel has to be a holy community. The society of Israel, which has always been threatened by the natural uncleanness or the prohibited uncleanness caused by sins, has had to restore and maintain their holiness from the uncleanness through their salvation by God’s presence. According to cultic texts, Israel must undergo the change process from uncleanness to cleanness, from cleanness to purification, and from purification to sanctification through the sacrifices of kipper so that they can restore and maintain holiness.

참고자료

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