19세기 말~20세기 초 황해도 지역 궁방전의 농업경영 양상 (The aspect for the agricultural management of Royal Households’ Land at the Hwanghae-do area in the late 19th and early 20th century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 강원사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 江原史學 / 38호 / 199 ~ 238페이지
· 저자명 : 박성준

초록

조선 초기 황해도는 땅은 넓으나 척박하고 인구는 적은 지역으로 평가되었으나세조대부터 한광지를 개간한 것을 시작으로 해택지와 하천 연안 지역까지 활발하게개간하면서 곡창지대이자 서울의 곡물 공급지로 변화되었다.
황해도 지역이 개간되는 과정에서 궁방전도 다수 설치되었는데, 궁방전과 導掌이전국에서 두 번째로 많았다. 황해도 지역이 이러한 특징을 갖게 된 것은 지리적으로서울에 인접해 장토를 관리하기에 편리하면서, 곡물 생산량이 풍부한 곡창지대여서경제적 이익을 획득할 수 있었고, 바다와 하천을 이용해서 곡물을 서울로 운반하기편리했기 때문이다.
황해도 지역의 궁방전에 차정된 도장은 발생유형에 관계없이 독자적으로 궁방전을관리·경영한 운영 주체이자, 궁방전의 지대를 거의 독점한 실질적인 소유자였다. 도장의 거주지는 대부분 서울이었고, 현지에 감관·마름을 두고 장토를 경영했다. 징수한 지대는 현지에서 매각하거나 서울이나 鎭南浦로 수송해서 매각하기도 했다.
황해도 지역의 궁방전에서 도장은 답을 농업경영의 중심으로 삼고서 답은 타조, 전은 도조 경영을 선호했다. 타조답의 결세는 도장이 부담했고, 타조·도조답의종자는 작인이 부담했다. 도장은 타조답의 결세만 담당하고 종자를 작인에게 부담시키며 지주경영을 강화해 갔다.
황해도와 삼남 지역의 답 지대량을 비교해 보면 구간별 분포에서는 삼남 지역이약간 높았지만 간격의 폭은 크지 않았고, 환산된 지대량의 평균은 황해도 지역이더 높았다. 전 지대량은 황해도 지역이 삼남 지역보다 더 높은 수준이었다.
황해도 지역 궁방전의 농업경영 양상과 지대량이 삼남 지역과 비슷한 수준이었듯이, 19세기 말~20세기 초 조선의 농업은 삼남 지역과 아울러 전국적으로 큰 차이없이 전반적으로 발전되어 있었다.

영어초록

If the residential area of Dohjang managing the Royal Household lands at Hwanghae-do region is checked, the absentee landlord won the overwhelming majority as the Dohjang residing at the different place from the location of Royal Household lands is 7 persons, the Dohjang residing in the same place is 1 person. And the place where the Dohjang being the absentee landlord resided was Seoul all. It seemed that those who resided in Seoul preferred the landowner management of Royal Household lands at Hwanghae-do region owing to the geographical proximity between Hwanghae-do and Seoul.
Even though there are 6 places of system paying the half of crop and 3 places of system paying the determined amount in the management method of rice paddy, in fact the system paying the half of crop formed the center since the specific gravity in 3 places of system paying the determined amount was less than 10% in the whole farmland. The Dohjang of Royal Household lands at Hwanghae-do region was the absentee landlord residing in Seoul and preferred the system paying the half of crop. The rice paddy preferred the system paying the half of crop, but the field has been managed all as the system paying the determined amount.
The Dohjang bore taxes and the tenant farmers paid seeds in the farmland managed as the system paying the half of crop. The Dohjang supervised the situation of harvest by going down directly or letting another person go down to the field if it becomes the harvest time by placing the supervisor of a tenant farm in the field. The aspect of this landlord management of Royal Household lands at Hwanghae-do region was the identical image with the general private landowner.
Based on the amount of ground rent per the amount of seed of Royal Household lands at Hwanghae-do region and three southern province regions as 21 dues, as three southern province regions are a little high level as more than 21 dues are 33.3% at Hwanghae-do region, three southern province regions are 45.5%, the amount of ground rent at Hwanghae-do region, three southern province regions may be evaluated to be nearly the similar level as more than 31 dues that were not in three southern province regions occupy 11.1%. Next, if the amount of seed of field is compared, there was 1 place where the amount of ground rent per the amount of seed was 1~2 dues at Hwanghae-do region, 1 place where there was more than 3 dues, 1 place where there was more than 5 dues, there was 1 place where there were 3 places where the amount of ground rent per the amount of seed was 1~2 dues, 1 place where there was more than 5 dues at three southern province regions. Hwanghae-do region may be higher level than three southern province regions in terms of amount of ground rent of field.
The amount of ground rent at Hwanghae-do region and three southern province regions formed nearly similar level. It can be known that each region formed the similar level as the agricultural productivity of Joseon developed on a national scale in the late 19th and early 20th century through this.

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