고구려 멸망과 요동지역 말갈인의 향배 (The Fall of Goguryeo and the Developments for the Malgal Tribes in the Liaodong Region)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 대구사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 대구사학 / 133권 / 195 ~ 234페이지
· 저자명 : 권은주

초록

말갈은 전통적으로 숙신-읍루-물길로 이어지는 일원적 계통으로 보았으나, 지금은 다원적이면서 비슷한 성격을 지닌 세력들의 통칭(범칭)으로 이해하는 경향이다. 말갈 이해의 핵심은 북방계 말갈인 말갈 7부의 출현을 어떻게 볼 것인가와 출현 이후 어떤 역사적 경험을 하는가이다. 특히 필자는 발해의 주요 구성원이었던 ‘발해말갈’을 이해하기 위해, 그 前史인 말갈의 형성과 고구려 멸망 전후 말갈의 움직임에 주목하였다.
먼저 7부 형성은 물길이 아닌 말갈 단계에서 이뤄졌고, 7부의 구분은 고구려가 복속민을 편제하고 북방 제종족에게 영향력을 확대해나가는 과정에서, 이들을 지역단위로 구분․인식한 것과 관련이 있다고 보았다. 7세기경에는 상당수의 말갈이 고구려의 직․간접 지배를 받으며, 正州 인근에 분산 재배치되어 기미주 및 부락으로 재편되었고, 수당전쟁시 대규모 동원으로 7부의 지역적 구분은 사실상 무의미해졌다.
고구려 멸망 후 요동 지역 말갈 상당수는 고구려부흥운동에 동참하였고, 당의 지배에서 이탈했다. 그리고 696년 영주(지금의 조양) 지역에 강제 사민되었던 대조영집단이 東走하며 反唐전쟁을 승리로 이끌자, 고구려 말갈은 고구려유민과 함께 빠르게 결집한다. 요동지역 말갈은 발해 건국 후 발해로 통합하는 과정에서 다시 재편 과정을 겪으며, 발해 초기에 이미 흑수말갈(원번말갈)과 구분되어 발해말갈(동번말갈)로 구분되었다. 이러한 구분은 고구려 멸망 전후의 역사적 경험이 크게 영향을 미쳤다고 본다.

영어초록

Malgal(Chinese: Mohe), which had been understood as a tribe coming from a single lineage passed down through Suksin-Eumlu-Mulgil, is now understood as the popular term(general name) referring to the people of plural origin and identical qualities.
The key to understanding Malgal is in the perception of the emergence of seven northern Malgal tribes as well as in the relationship with the Malgal tribes that lived on the Korean peninsula as discovered in Samguk Sagi(History of the Three Kingdoms). To better understand ‘Balhae Malgal,’ the major members of Balhae, this paper focused on the formation of the Malgal tribe, the predecessor to Balhae Malgal, and on the activities shown by Malgal around the time of Goguryeo’s fall.
The formation of the seven tribes happened during the time of Malgal, not Mulgil. The division of seven tribes was relevant to Goguryeo’s decision when it organized the conquered peoples across different regions and extended its influence over numerous ethnic groups in the north, including Mulgil, dividing them by their regions and understanding them accordingly.
By the 7th century, asignificant number of Malgal people were under the rule of Goguryeo, both directly and indirectly, sharing the historical fate of Goguryeo. The seven tribes of Malgal, divided by their corresponding regions, began to witness their local foundation slowly eroding due to the increasingly strong rule by Goguryeo and its military mobilization. Many of Malgal tribes were dispersed and re-assigned to Jeongju, Goguryeo and reorganized as part of border towns. After the all-out mobilization of soldiers to fight for Goguryeo in the Sui-Tang war, the regional division of the seven tribes lost its meaning.
After the fall of Goguryeo, many Malgal tribes residing in the Liaodong region joined the people of the fallen Goguryeo in the campaign to restore Goguryeo and escaped Tang’s rule. In 696, a group of people who had been forced to go to Yingzhou(today’s Chaoyang) went east under the leadership of Dae Joyeong and made the anti-Tang war a success. Anti-Tang in nature, Goguryeo’s Malgal tribes quickly joined the people of Goguryeo and worked together as one.
In the Liaodong region, the Malgal people underwent another organization as they were being absorbed into Balhae after the kingdom had been founded. In the early era of Balhae, they were already differentiated from Heuksu Malgal(Wonbeon Malgal) and were referred to as Balhae Malgal(Dongbeon Malgal). Such differentiation was largely due to the historical experience surrounding the fall of Goguryeo.

참고자료

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