滿鮮歷史地理調査部와 고대 ‘滿鮮歷史地理’ 연구 (The Study of Manseon Historic–Geographical Research Center on the Ancient History and Geography of Manchuria and Joseon)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 호서사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 담론 / 75호 / 131 ~ 177페이지
· 저자명 : 박찬흥

초록

滿鮮歷史地理調査部는 白鳥庫吉의 요청으로 1908년 1월 남만주철도주식회사 초대총재 後藤新平이 설치했다. 後藤新平은 “文事的 시설을 가지고 他(國)의 침략에 대비하고, 일단 유사시에는 武斷的 행동을 돕는 便(益)을 아울러 강구해 둔다.”는 뜻의 ‘文裝的武備’를주장하며 식민지 경영에 있어서 舊慣制度調査를 중시했다.
만선역사지리조사부에서 본격적으로 ‘만선사’ 연구가 진행되었다.
白鳥庫吉이 주임이었고, 箭內亙․ 松井等․ 稻葉岩吉․ 瀨野馬熊이 ‘만주역사지리’를, 池內宏․ 津田左右吉이 ‘조선역사지리’를 각각 담당했다. 이들은 모두 30대 초의 젊은 연구자들로서 白鳥庫吉의 권유 및추천으로 조사부에 참여하였다. 조사부에는 풍부한 연구비가 지급되어, 좋은 환경에서 자료수집과 연구가 진행되었다. 조사부는 營利를 목적으로 하는 만철의 취지와 부합되지 않는다는 이유로 1914년 3월 폐지되었지만, 만철의 후원 아래 동경제국대학으로 연구가 이관되었다.
만선역사지리조사부에서 『滿洲歷史地理』 제1 ․ 2권, 『朝鮮歷史地 理』 제1 ․ 2권, 『文禄慶長の役』 正編 第1 등 5책을 발간했다. 『만주역사지리』에서는 ‘만주사’의 왕조가 ‘고구려–발해–遼–金–元–明代의 만주–淸’의 순서로 이어졌다고 보았는데, 이러한 인식은 이후에 그대로계승되었다. 이 책에서는 만주에 존재했던 각 왕조의 강역과 교통로, 전쟁 시의 지리 등을 다루었고, 특히 ‘지리’적인 특성들을 잘 나타냈다. 津田左右吉이 저술한 『조선역사지리』는 고조선부터 고려시대까지 여러 국가의 영역과 경계, 중국 왕조들과의 경계, 전쟁로 등을 서술했는데, 『만주역사지리』에 비해 체제와 내용이 체계적이지 못하다.
池內宏이 저술한 『文禄慶長の役』은 임진왜란의 배경과 전쟁 이전의상황까지만을 서술했고 일본 자료를 많이 이용하였다. 이것은 자료수집 및 정리의 한계, 저자의 역량 문제 등에서 비롯된 것이다.
『만주역사지리』 제1권은, 漢四郡의 위치, 강역 및 이동에 대해 서술한 뒤, 漢代부터 남북조시대까지 왕조별로 만주지역에 설치된 중국郡․縣 및 그 바깥의 烏桓∙ 鮮卑∙ ‘餘∙ 挹婁∙ 高句麗∙ 濊貊∙ 勿吉 등의 위치와 강역, 수․당과 고구려의 전쟁로, 발해의 강역에 대해 서술하였다. 만주에서 중국세력이 영향력이 어느 지역까지였는지를 규명하는 것이 주요한 서술 관점이었다. 『조선역사지리』 제1권은, 고조선과중국의 경계에 있는 浿水의 위치를 규명하고, 삼한의 강역, 삼국 간의경계와 전쟁 지역, 후백제의 강역까지 시대순서로 고찰하였다. 『삼국사기』의 초기기록을 신뢰하지 않고, 백제․신라․가야의 영역과 국경선을 고찰할 때 임나일본부설을 인정한 전제 위에서 서술했으며, 고구려 광개토왕과 장수왕이 한반도에서 활동한 부분만을 규명하였다

영어초록

The Manseon Historic–Geographical Research Center was established by Goto Shimpei, the first general director of the Southern Manchuria Railroad Corporation, upon request by Shiratori Kurakichi. Goto Shimpei attached great importance to the custom investigation of land examination, etc. for colonial management by popularizing the term “Shinjang–sik–mujang”. “Shinjang–sik–mujang” shall refer to preparing for invasions into lands (nations) with study facilities and in emergencies, taking additional sides (interests) to help forceful actions.
On January 1908 when the Manseon Historic–Geographical Research Center was established, the study of the Manseon history proceeded in earnest. Shiratori Kurakichi was the responsible manager, and Yanai Watari, Matsui Hitoshi, Inaba Iwakhichi, and Seno Umakuma were responsible for the Manchurian history and geography. And from April 1908, Ikheuchi Hiroshi and Tsuda Sokichi were responsible for the Joseon history and geography. All of them were young researchers in their twenties or thirties, and participated in the research division with the advice and recommendation of Shiratori Kurakichi. The research division was provided with plenty of research funds. On March 1914, the Manseon Historic–Geographical Research Center ceased to exist on the ground that it did not conform to the objective of the Manchuria Railroad, which was to pursue business interests.
The Manseon Historic–Geographical Research Center published a total of five books including the volumes 1 and 2 of The Manchurian History and Geography, the volumes 1 and 2 of The Joseon History and Geography, and the First Edition No. 1 of The War of Bunrok–Keichyo.
The Manchurian History and Geography considered that the dynasties of the Manchurian History went in the order of Goguryeo, Balhae, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming dynasty, and Qing dynasty.
It is the most essential recognition that has become the center of the subsequent studies for the Manchuria History. The main themes of the Manchurian History and Geography were territories and transportation roads, geography at time of wars, etc. of each dynasty that have existed in Manchuria. Each theme vividly showed the features of geography by including maps without any omission. The Joseon History and Geography written by Tsuda Sokichi described the areas and boundaries of various countries, the boundaries of Chinese dynasties, roads at time of wars, etc. ranging from the ‘Kojoseon’ era and the ‘Korea’ era.
However, its system and content is not systematic compared to the Manchurian History and Geography. The First Edition No. 1 of The War of Bunrok–Keichyo written by Ikheuchi Hiroshi described the backgrounds of the Japanese invasion called the Imjin War and the conditions prior to the war. It focused on Japanese materials for the ears before the Imjin War without handling the history and geography of the entire Joseon era. It resulted from the limits of collection and arrangement of materials and problems in the author's ability, etc.
The volume 1 of The Manchurian History and Geography described the history and geography of Manchuria by era from the Chinese Han era until the Balhae era. Joseon of the Chinese Han described the locations, territories, and movements of the Han4gun. From the Manchuria of the Chinese Han era to the Manchuria of the era of the North and South Dynasties, the locations and territories of the Chinese provinces and counties established in the Manchurian areas were closely studied for historical truths and arranged; and the locations and territories of Ohwan, Seonbi, Buyeo, Eumnu, Goguryeo, Yemaek, and Mulgil located outside of the Chinese provinces or counties were described. By and large, it explained the extent to which the influence of the The volume 1 of The Joseon History and Geography started from reviewing the boundaries of Kojoseon and China by clarifying the location of “Paesu,” and studied the territories of the Three Hands, the boundaries and war areas, and national territories among the Three States, and the territories of Hubaekje in the order of eras. Without relying on the early records of Samguk Sagi (the Chronicles of the Three States), it made descriptions under the premise that the Imnailbonbuseol(the theory of Japanese Headquarter's Control of Imna) should be recognized, in studying the areas and boundary lines of Baekjei, Shilra, and Gaya, and clarified only the portions of activities of the King Gwanggaeto and the King Jangsu in the Korean peninsula.

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