皇龍寺址 東西 金堂址와 講堂址의 불상봉안 여부와 존상명 (The Enshrinement and the Names of Buddhist Statues in the Eastern and Western Golden Halls and the Lecture Hall in Hwangnyongsa Remains)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 신라사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 신라사학보 / 23호 / 341 ~ 393페이지
· 저자명 : 양은경

초록

≪三國遺事≫ 권2 제4 탑상조에 언급된 황룡사에 존재한 연좌석은 실제 고고학적인 발굴내용과 결부시켜 동금당 후면에 있었던 것으로 추정된다. 더욱이 연좌석이 “佛殿 後面에 있었다”는 기록을 통해 황룡사 중금당 좌우에 배치된 건물지의 성격은 불전, 즉 금당이 명확하다는 사실을 확인하였다.
삼금당에 봉안된 불상의 존상명은 우선 ≪삼국유사≫ 기록을 통해 가섭불, 석가불의 존재는 확인되었다. 더욱이 이 두 불상과 연관관계가 있는 불상은 미륵불이기 때문에 결론적으로 황룡사 삼금당에는 가섭불, 석가불, 미륵불의 삼세불이 봉안되었던 것이다. 위의 문헌기록, 고고학적인 발굴내용을 결합시킨다면 황룡사 동금당에는 가섭불, 중금당에는 석가불, 서금당에는 미륵불이 안치되었던 것으로 복원할 수 있다.
황룡사 강당지의 서편에서 발견된 3.3×3.3m의 석단의 유구는 고승이 앉은 고좌를 마련한 자리라고 가정해 볼 수 있다. 일본 도쇼다이지(唐招提寺)와 야쿠시지(藥師寺)의 강당 내부에 마련된 고좌 2기는 법회나 각종 설법이 진행될 때 講師와 讀師가 앉았던 자리이다. 이를 통해 황룡사 강당지의 석단은 고좌이었을 가능성이 높으며 재질을 통해 石壇 이었거나 石臺 위쪽에 예반과 같은 형태의 반을 놓았을 것으로 추정해 볼 수 있다.
황룡사 강당에서는 백고좌회가 거행되었던 것으로 추정되기 때문에 백고좌회 당시 필요한 품목 중 ≪仁王經≫에서 언급한 불상, 보살상 등 불교조각상의 안치여부가 궁금하다. 일본 야마다데라(山田寺) 강당에는 불상과 보살상, 도쇼다이지 강당에는 미륵불좌상, 야쿠시지에는 미륵삼존상이 안치되어 있다. 더욱이 ≪三國遺事≫기록에도 764년 완공된 백월산남사의 금당에는 미륵상, 강당에는 아미타상이 안치되었다는 내용이 확인된다.
더욱이 일본 중세시대에 묘사된 <春日權現驗記繪卷>에는 코후쿠지(興福寺) 강당에서 거행된 維摩會의 장면이 그려져 있는데, 강당 내외의 모습이 황룡사지 강당과 유사하다. 그림 속에서 유마회 당시 강당에는 불상 1구, 보살상 2구의 삼존상이 모셔져 있기 때문에 황룡사 강당에서 거행된 백고좌회 당시에도 불상이 안치되었을 가능성은 높은 것으로 추정된다.

영어초록

It is presumed from the archeological investigation of the excavation-site of Hwangnyongsa Temple that the Buddhist statue on the lotus seat, which is mentioned to have existed in Hwangnyongsa Temple in The Heritage of the Three States (Sam-Kuk-Yu-Sa), was located in the back of the Eastern Golden Hall. And it can be inferred from the quotation, “the Buddhist statue on the lotus seat was in the back of the Buddhist sanctum”, that the Eastern and Western buildings of the Center Golden Hall were Buddhist sanctums, also called the Golden Halls.
The names of two Buddhist statues which were enshrined in the three Golden Halls have been identified as Kasyapa-Buddha (Ga-Sup-Bul) and Sakyamuni-Buddha (Suk-Ga-Bul) from a record in The Heritage of the Three States (Sam-Kuk-Yu-Sa). And because the other Buddhist statue which was mostly related to the two Buddhist statues is Maitreya-Buddha (Mi-Ruk-Bul), it is concluded that Kasyapa-Buddha, Sakyamuni-Buddha, and Maitreya-Bu ddha were enshrined in the three Golden Halls in Hwangnyongsa Temple. And, from the combined evidence of the above-mentioned historical record and the archeological investigation, Kasyapa-Buddha can be located in the Eastern Golden Hall; Sakyamuni-Buddha in the Center Golden Hall; and Maitreya-Buddha in the Western Golden Hall.
The remains of a stone-platform, the size of 3.3X3.3m, which was excavated in the west of the Lecture Hall-remains in Hwangnyongsa Temple, can be assumed to be the site of the high chair for a high priest. Two high chairs in the both Lecture Halls of Doshodaigi Temple and Yakuskgk Temple in Japan are for the lecturer and the reader during the Buddhist ceremony or sermon. From this fact, the stone-platform in the Lecture Hall in Hwangnyongsa Temple seems to be, very likely, the high chair of for a high priest; its shape was probably simply the stone-platform or the stone-board with a table on it.
Because it is believed that the Buddhist Ceremony for the Protection of the Nation (Bak-Go-Za-Hwae) was performed in the Lecture Hall in Hwangnyongsa Temple, it is also speculated that Buddhist statues such as the statues of Buddha and Bodhisattva, which were mentioned in In-Wang-Kyung, were enshrined in the Lecture Hall in Hwangnyongsa Temple. In Japan, the statues of Buddha and Bodhisattva are enshrined in the Lecture Hall in Yamadadela Temple; the seated statue of Maitreya-Buddha in the Lecture Hall in Doshodaigi Temple; the three statues of Maitreya and Bodhisattva (Mi-Ruk-Sam-Zon) in the Lecture Hall in Yakusizi Temple. Furthermore, in The Heritage of the Three States (Sam-Kuk-Yu-Sa), there is a record that the statue of Maitreya-Buddha was in the Golden Hall, and the statue of Amita-Buddha was in the Lecture Hall in Bak-Wyal-San-Nam Temple which was completed in 764.
In addition, in Chun-Il-Kuan-Hyun-Hum-Gi-Hwae-Kuan, which was originated during the Japanese Medieval period, there is a painting that portrays the scene of the Yuma Buddhist ceremony in the Lecture Hall in Ko-Hu-Ku-Zi Temple. In the painting, the inside- and outside-structures of the Lecture Hall look similar to those of the Lecture Hall in Hwangnyongsa Temple. And one statue of Buddha and two statues of Bodhisattva were portrayed in the Lecture Hall. Therefore, it is highly probable that the Buddhist Statues were enshrined in the Lecture Hall in Hwangnyongsa Temple during the Buddhist Ceremony for the Protection of the Nation (Bak-Go-Za-Hwae).

참고자료

· 없음