正祖의 更張策과 王權强化論 - 文武兼全論과 實學的 經世觀을 中心으로 (King Jeongjo's methods to strengthen his kingship - Focused on the theory of literary and military accomplishments and the ideology of practical administration)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양고전학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양고전연구 / 31호 / 187 ~ 216페이지
· 저자명 : 박성순

초록

지금까지 정조에 대한 연구경향은 주로 성리학을 부흥시킨 문예군주, 또는 학자군주로서의 모습이 강조되어온 느낌이다. 그러나 정조의 개인문집인 『弘齋全書』를 통해서 드러나는 다양한 사상적 편린들은 정조를 성리학이라는 좁은 범주 안에만 가두어두기에는 충분치 않다는 점을 잘 보여준다.
성리학을 신봉한 학자군주, ‘조선중화주의’에 입각하여 조선후기의 문예부흥을 주도한 문예군주라는 평가가 무색하리만치 정조는 조선 전기 세조의 치세를 이상향으로 노래하였다. 그는 성리학에서 강조하는 王道政治와는 거리가 먼, 오히려 覇道政治의 전형이라 할 세조의 치세를 이상향으로 설정함으로써 그의 목표가 사림파들에 의해서 경시되고 있던 ‘富國强兵’에 있다는 점을 분명히 하였다. 당장의 왕권 강화를 위한 조처가 武備의 강구였다면, 정조는 사도세자의 전철을 밟지 않기 위해서 주도면밀하게 이론적 작업을 병행하였다. 특히 성리학에 깊은 조예를 지닌 그는 經學에 대한 새로운 해석을 통해서 왕권강화를 위한 논리를 제시하였다. 그와 같은 이론적 작업은 부친의 묘소인 顯隆園 이장 등과 동시에 진행되었다.
실학이 經學의 본질이라는 점을 천명한 정조는 한 걸음 더 나아가 경학은 왕을 존숭하기 위한 방편이라는 점을 강조한다. 학자들이 주자를 존숭하는 이유는 경학을 존숭하기 위함이고, 경학을 존숭하는 이유는 결국 왕을 존숭하기 위함이라는 설명을 내놓았다. 정조의 경학관에 의하면, 실학은 이제 모든 사대부들이 추구해야 될 경학의 본질이 되었을 뿐만 아니라, 실학에 몰두하는 것이야말로 국왕에 대한 충성 그 자체라는 점을 강조한 것이다. 정조가 更張策으로 제시한 文武兼全論과 經學의 實學的 해석은 理氣心性論 위주의 성리학만을 숭상하던 기존의 사상적 관행을 낡은 역사적 유물로 설정하면서 민생현안과 국가의 자주성 문제를 해결할 사회적 급무로 부상하였을 뿐만 아니라, 동시에 왕권강화를 위한 실제적, 이론적 기재로 작용하였다.

영어초록

Until now, the stream of the study about king Jeongjo, 22th king of Joseon Dynasty has been mainly composed with valuations like that the king was a scholarly king who boosted Neo-Confucianism in later Joseon Dynasty. In other words, many scholars attached their eyes at the point that the king Jeongjo loved just Chu Hsi's admonitions. But the fact that there were many ideological streams in Hongjae-jeonseo, the king's private collection of works notify us a point that we can't keep him in the narrow ideological boundary of the Neo-Confucianism.
Many scholars said that king Jeongjo was a scholarly king who definitely believed Chu Hsi and his Neo-Confucianism. Nevertheless, the king tried to find a utopia in the king Sejo's era, earlier Joseon Dynasty. King Sejo, a tyrant worked for the national prosperity and defence than the Neo-Confucian moralism. So most Neo-Confucian literati hated him. But king Jeongjo praised king Sejo for the reason that king Sejo had completed a utopia on the literary and military accomplishments.
King Jeongjo at first prepared a military measure to guard himself as soon as he took political power after 12th year of his reign. And he added it with a theoretical works with care, because he didn't want to be killed such as his father, prince Sado. Prince Sado was killed by his opponents, Noron party(the older faction) because prince Sado easily showed the Noron party his hostility. So the Noron party opposed for Jeongjo to accede to the throne, and they tried to kill king Jeongjo even after his inauguration.King Jeongjo needed some method to block their attacks and some theoretical way to make them obey himself. King Jeongjo concealed his hostility to the opponents, the Noron party, and prepared for them steadily. The military measure was a way promptly needed to guard his kingship, the theoretical work was more fundamental method to lead the literati officials. King Jeongjo had a profound knowledge of Chenese classics, so he made a special theory to can make the kingship strong. It was the new interpretation about Chinese classics along with the point of view of practical learning. The king's theoretical work was progressed with moving his father's tomb at the same time.
King Jeongjo insisted that practical learning is the essence of Chinese classics, and Chinese classics are the method to learn how to respect kings. King Jeongjo explained that the reason why for confucian literati to respect Chu Hsi was to respect Chinese classics eventually, and the reason why to respect Chinese classics was to respect kings. According to king Jeongjo's explanation, the practical learning now became the essential learning that all the literati should study, and to indulge in the pratical learning was loyal to kings. The theory of literary and military accomplishments and the ideology of practical administration suggested by king Jeongjo as a innovative measure swiftly floated as a prime task to solve the problem of national defence and took a real, theoretical role to make the kingship strong while degrading the exclusive conventional thought focused on the Neo-Confucian moralism as a old fashioned stuff.

참고자료

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