國信使와 進奉使: 송대 동아시아 외교의 추진자들 (Guoxinshi and Jinfengshi : the envoys in charge of Song’s diplomacy)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국사연구 / 109호 / 23 ~ 57페이지
· 저자명 : 김성규

초록

본론에서는 송조를 중심으로 동시기 동아시아 외교의 최전선에서 활약한 ‘국신사’와 ‘진봉사’에 관하여, 그 기초적인 문제로서 ‘국신’과 ‘진봉’이 본래 어떠한 의미와 용법으로 사용되었는지를 분석하고, 이어 이들 집단의 실제 규모와 조직이 어떠했는지를 정리하고 또 각국 간의 경우를 비교해 그 의의에 대해서 생각해 보았다. 그 결과, ‘국신사’는 전연의 맹 이후 송-요 간을 오간 사절의 총칭으로 특별한 專使만을 가리키는 개념은 아니었다는 점, 송조는 요만이 아닌 외국 一般에 파견한 자국 사신을 ‘국신사’라 칭했는데, 이는 唐이 ‘入蕃使’라 칭했던 사실과 비교되며 그 배후에 ‘세계관’의 상이가 엿보인다는 점, ‘국신’은 일차적으로 ‘국가 차원의 소식이나 서신’을 의미하지만, 상대국에 대한 ‘증여품’을 지칭하는 용례도 많았다는 점, 송조에서는 ‘외국’이 자국에 보내온 사자를 ‘進奉使’로 구별하였고, 이는 당대까지 ‘조공’으로만 묘사되던 표현이 송대에 동의어로 ‘進奉’이 多用된 결과였다는 점 등을 확인하였다.

영어초록

This paper is to fix and survey the meanings and usage for the word of ‘Guoxinshi(國信使)’ and ‘Jinfengshi(進奉使)’ as diplomatic envoy which have played very important role at the foremost of diplomacy between Chinese Song(宋) and it’s surrounding nations including Liao(遼), Jin(金), Goryo(高麗), Xixia(西夏) and Annan(安南), and at the same time the contents of diplomatic envoy would be also analysed in terms of how big and organized they were as a group. As a result of it, belows are found out to be new facts; Guoxinshi is generic term for the diplomatic envoy coming and going to Song and Lioa since treaty of Chan yuan(澶淵之盟) and is not word indicating specific envoy as explained by some scholars before. Among Chinese dynasties, Song expressed the envoys that she sent on her own to the foreign countries as Guoxinshi while Tang(唐) named it as rufanshi(入蕃使), which reflected their deferent views of the world between two dynasties. ‘Guoxin’ basically means the national letters or news and sometimes refers to gifts as well.
Meanwhile, the scale of envoys exchanged between Song and Lioa was at the level of 100 persons and it was generally organized by entourage called Sanjie(三節) which consist of the three kind deferent ranked person. The scale of number declined down to 50 in the Southern Song when they exchanged envoy with Jin dynasty. In case of negotiations between Song and Goryo, Goryo was sending big size of envoy up to near 300 person and the fact Song was sending as many as Goryo is verified by the Gaolitujing(高麗圖經). We need to know, however, these kind of delegation was not normal but happened under special situation that they shared the same interests forming an alliance with each other against enemy such as Jin and Liao.

참고자료

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