『동아시아사』 교과서의 「지역간 인구이동과 전쟁」 단원 서술에 대한 試論 -지역국가들의 戰略的 意志와 동아시아세계의 형성- (“Inter-Regional Population Shift and Wars”: Describing a chapter in the East Asian history textbook -Strategic Commitment of Countries and the Formation of the East Asian World-)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사교육학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사교육논집 / 47호 / 497 ~ 529페이지
· 저자명 : 이성제

초록

Regarding a compilation of the East Asian history textbook, there is recognition that the East Asian world is one cultural area which shares many cultural elements and influences each other by constant negotiations throughout history. The ancient East Asian world was stimulated by the introduction of Chinese characters, Confucianism, law, Chinese Buddhism to Manchuria, Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago. In this respect, the chapter of “Inter-Regional Population Shift and Wars” is very important in setting the East Asian history. This is because migration is regarded as a cause of both the spread of Chinese cultural elements to neighbouring countries and their regional acceptance.
However, it seems that the migration movement which set up by the East Asian history textbook is too specific to a particular case in mind. It is understood that Han Chinese migration caused the spread of Chinese cultural elements to other countries. As a consequence, it could be easily misunderstood that the formation of the East Asian world as the assimila- tion of Chinese culture over neighbouring countries, namely “Hanization.”I believe that sharing culture by population movement is important, but the other reasons why each local area accepted these cultural elements are more important in relation to the formation of the East Asian history. On these issues, this thesis examines that to what extent historical facts indeed support the argument above. I hope this work will be a good reference in writing history textbooks in future.
Installation of the Four Commanderies of Han provided Han Chinese a proper environment for collective migration. The migrants were mainly government officials, soldiers, and merchants who were related to political and military powers of the Four Commanderies of Han. It is clear to see that the immigration due to the installation of the Four Commanderies paved the way for the eastern region of Han to encounter the Chinese Civilisation. However, there was not a direct relationship between the immigration and the accommodation of Chinese culture in the region.
If the issue is more focused on the cultural exchange between Han and the neighbouring areas rather than the population influx, it is found that the Han Chinese culture was passed by the media of the Commandery’s people. Nakrang Society under the Four Commanderies of Han gradually accepted Han Chinese culture. At that moment, Confucius culture was flourished in Nakrang as even Nakrang people could normally recite Han poems. On the other hand, the neighbouring countries, which were stimulated by Han as a result of the contact with the Han Provinces, were aware of the need for the introduction and implementation of the Han Chinese culture. For example, it has been proved that Goguryeo secured the Commandery’s people by encroaching on the Four Commanderies, and then learnt Chinese Characters and adopted an element level of document administration.
On the other hand, the massive conflict in the period of Sixteen Kingdoms and of Southern and Northern Dynasties caused population movement in a grand scale. One of the massive migrants was the Han Chinese to Goguryeo across Liao River. The state of the Chinese migrants during this period shows that the immigrant flow even reached Goguryeo further across Liao River at the period of the sudden change in China. So, pro tanto, Goguryeo was closely linked with the international situation with China as a centre. However, Goguryeo achieved its development in its own way while keeping itself out of the political turmoil and the confrontation in China. It was a result of Goguryeo’s foreign policy which took an advantage of the Chinese immigrants. Also, Goguryeo mobilized the Chinese settlers in a management of former provinces such as Pyongyang. It was a golden age in the history of Goguryeo because the kingdom overcame its failures of king Gogukwon and furthermore, aligned its government organisation. In relation to the period, it is found an active part of the Chinese immigrants in the national development of Goguryeo in many ways both internally and externally.
Even if the role of Chinese immigrants could be included, however, it was mainly possible to align the government organisation because Goguryeo had a certain foundation. It could be surmised from this the role of the Commandary's people in relation to the transmission of civilisation. This is because Goguryeo took over the Commanderies over a prolonged period, and eventually occupied Pyongyang.
Meanwhile, embracing the Chinese cultural elements was a strategic commitment of Goguryeo. Goguryeo accepted the Chinese immigrants as part of a national strategy to secure the Commandary's people. This is a direct result of two following decisions. At first, the development of former Commanderies was needed for national developments. Secondly, national Buddhism and management training were necessitated for reorganisation and maintenance of the government administration. Thus it is common that the formation of the ancient East Asian world was dependent on a country’s strategic commitment. An example can be found at the acceptance of Buddhism in Japan. Hōkō-ji(法興寺), one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Japan, was a successful result of international diplomacy among Baekje, Goguryeo, and Japan, by immigrants from Korean Peninsula and China.

영어초록

Regarding a compilation of the East Asian history textbook, there is recognition that the East Asian world is one cultural area which shares many cultural elements and influences each other by constant negotiations throughout history. The ancient East Asian world was stimulated by the introduction of Chinese characters, Confucianism, law, Chinese Buddhism to Manchuria, Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago. In this respect, the chapter of “Inter-Regional Population Shift and Wars” is very important in setting the East Asian history. This is because migration is regarded as a cause of both the spread of Chinese cultural elements to neighbouring countries and their regional acceptance.
However, it seems that the migration movement which set up by the East Asian history textbook is too specific to a particular case in mind. It is understood that Han Chinese migration caused the spread of Chinese cultural elements to other countries. As a consequence, it could be easily misunderstood that the formation of the East Asian world as the assimila- tion of Chinese culture over neighbouring countries, namely “Hanization.”I believe that sharing culture by population movement is important, but the other reasons why each local area accepted these cultural elements are more important in relation to the formation of the East Asian history. On these issues, this thesis examines that to what extent historical facts indeed support the argument above. I hope this work will be a good reference in writing history textbooks in future.
Installation of the Four Commanderies of Han provided Han Chinese a proper environment for collective migration. The migrants were mainly government officials, soldiers, and merchants who were related to political and military powers of the Four Commanderies of Han. It is clear to see that the immigration due to the installation of the Four Commanderies paved the way for the eastern region of Han to encounter the Chinese Civilisation. However, there was not a direct relationship between the immigration and the accommodation of Chinese culture in the region.
If the issue is more focused on the cultural exchange between Han and the neighbouring areas rather than the population influx, it is found that the Han Chinese culture was passed by the media of the Commandery’s people. Nakrang Society under the Four Commanderies of Han gradually accepted Han Chinese culture. At that moment, Confucius culture was flourished in Nakrang as even Nakrang people could normally recite Han poems. On the other hand, the neighbouring countries, which were stimulated by Han as a result of the contact with the Han Provinces, were aware of the need for the introduction and implementation of the Han Chinese culture. For example, it has been proved that Goguryeo secured the Commandery’s people by encroaching on the Four Commanderies, and then learnt Chinese Characters and adopted an element level of document administration.
On the other hand, the massive conflict in the period of Sixteen Kingdoms and of Southern and Northern Dynasties caused population movement in a grand scale. One of the massive migrants was the Han Chinese to Goguryeo across Liao River. The state of the Chinese migrants during this period shows that the immigrant flow even reached Goguryeo further across Liao River at the period of the sudden change in China. So, pro tanto, Goguryeo was closely linked with the international situation with China as a centre. However, Goguryeo achieved its development in its own way while keeping itself out of the political turmoil and the confrontation in China. It was a result of Goguryeo’s foreign policy which took an advantage of the Chinese immigrants. Also, Goguryeo mobilized the Chinese settlers in a management of former provinces such as Pyongyang. It was a golden age in the history of Goguryeo because the kingdom overcame its failures of king Gogukwon and furthermore, aligned its government organisation. In relation to the period, it is found an active part of the Chinese immigrants in the national development of Goguryeo in many ways both internally and externally.
Even if the role of Chinese immigrants could be included, however, it was mainly possible to align the government organisation because Goguryeo had a certain foundation. It could be surmised from this the role of the Commandary's people in relation to the transmission of civilisation. This is because Goguryeo took over the Commanderies over a prolonged period, and eventually occupied Pyongyang.
Meanwhile, embracing the Chinese cultural elements was a strategic commitment of Goguryeo. Goguryeo accepted the Chinese immigrants as part of a national strategy to secure the Commandary's people. This is a direct result of two following decisions. At first, the development of former Commanderies was needed for national developments. Secondly, national Buddhism and management training were necessitated for reorganisation and maintenance of the government administration. Thus it is common that the formation of the ancient East Asian world was dependent on a country’s strategic commitment. An example can be found at the acceptance of Buddhism in Japan. Hōkō-ji(法興寺), one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Japan, was a successful result of international diplomacy among Baekje, Goguryeo, and Japan, by immigrants from Korean Peninsula and China.

참고자료

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