遼東地域 支石墓의 硏究成果 檢討 (Excavation Status and Research Achievements of Dolmens in Liaodong Area)

서지정보

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· 저자명 : 백종오, 오대양

초록

遼東地域의 支石墓는 현재까지 600여 基가 보고되었다. 주로 太子河 流域을 경계로 남부와 북부지역이 密集圈을 이루고 있다. 遼東 南部圈은 대부분 卓子式이고 개석식은 소수이다. 지석묘의 기원과 상한 연대에 대해서는 여러 의견이 존재하지만, 紀元前 10世紀 전후부터 築造되었다는 견해에 대부분 동의하고 있다. 그러나 普蘭店 王屯遺蹟에서 雙砣子2期文化인 紀元前 16世紀의 유물이 출토된 바 있으며, 또 최근 일부 탁자식 지석묘의 구조 및 축조방법 등이 雙砣子3期文化의 積石墓와 매우 유사한 것으로 밝혀져 주목된다. 蓋石式 支石墓는 紀元前 12~11世紀 전후 太子河流域의 馬城子文化(洞窟墓)가 주변지역으로 擴散되는 과정 중 遼東 南部의 支石墓 文化와 接觸하여 出現한 것으로 이해하고 있다. 鳳城 東山遺蹟의 경우 紀元前 12~11世紀로 편년되는데, 지석묘의 덮개돌〔蓋石〕이 殘存하며 墓室 構造와 出土遺物은 洞窟墓의 傳統을 維持하는 특징을 보인다.
遼東 北部圈은 분포 지역과 조성 연대에 따라 지역별 형식이 다르게 나타난다. 卓子式은 輝發河 流域을 중심으로 遼北 각지에 분포하지만, 太子河 流域은 除外되는 양상이다. 墓室 밖으로 다량의 積石施設이 특징적이다. 이와 달리 蓋石式은 太子河 流域에 분포하고 편년이 늦을수록 墓室 周邊에 積石施設이 附加된 경우가 많다. 이들 지석묘는 덮개돌의 규모가 縮小되는 傾向性을 보여주며, 주변에 高句麗 初期 段階의 積石墓 遺蹟들이 共存한다는 점 역시 그 시사하는 바가 크다고 하겠다.

영어초록

About 600 dolmens have been found in Liaodong area so far. Seeing the distribution pattern of the dolmens, they are mainly clustered in the southern and northern areas of Taizi River. The types of dolmens in these areas can be classified into table-type and no-leg type dolmen. The structural characteristics of the two types are similar to each other in general, but their distinctions were also identified through the relics found. That is, they are similar in terms of types and basic structure, but have clear differences in terms of the year that they were built and cultural patterns of archeology. Table-type dolmens were mostly found in the southern cluster zone of Liaodong area with a few no-leg type dolmens. Regarding the origin and the upper limit of the suspected era, there are diverse opinions. Nonetheless, it is generally understood that dolmens were built commonly in the Liaodong area-wide around the 10th century B.C.
On the other hand, current research reported that some relics in the Wangtun Tomb, Purantien and they can be suspected as the 2nd period of Shuangtuozi culture, which is regarded as a relatively earlier period. Furthermore, parts of table-type dolmens were very similar to stone-pile tombs of the 3rd period of Shuangtuozi culture in terms of the structure and construction method. That is, the table-type dolmens in Liaodong area were created and developed in the close connection with the Shuangtuozi culture. It is understood that the no-leg type dolmens were built by contacting dolmen culture of the southern part of Liaodong area in the process that Machengzi Culture in the basin of Taizi River was expanding to neighboring regions in the 12th ~11th century B.C. The oldest one was found in the Tungshan relics in Fengcheng City. They had a lid stone, which is the major characteristic of dolmen. The structure of tomb chambers and the relics excavated showed the tradition of cave tombs. The dolmens in the northern cluster zone of Liaodong area vary in terms of major distribution regions and times of popularity. Table-type dolmens were distributed every part of Liaobei area but they were mainly clustered centering on Shuiren. In the basin of Hunhe River, stone-piling facilities were found in quantity at the outside of the tomb chambers. No-leg type dolmens were classified into three types according to the construction method and materials used for the chambers. No-leg type I (pit-type) dolmens are mainly distributed in the upper area of Taizi River and Shuiren River. No-leg type II (block stone-type) dolmens are distributed in the upper area of Taizi River. No-leg type Ⅲ (combination-type) dolmens are mainly distributed in the upper area of Taizi River and East Riao River. That is, the no-leg type dolmens in this region are clustered centering on Taizi River, which has difference in distribution pattern from table-type dolmens. They demonstrate local distinctions. As for the dolmens in Northern cluster zone, more accumulated stone facilities were added a lot around the tomb chambers as the era passed by. For those dolmens, the size of lid stone became smaller, regardless of the type of dolmens. There also coexisted the relics of stone-pile tombs of the early Goguryeo Kingdom in or around the same tombs, which suggested a lot of significance.

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