전북 동부지역 伽耶烽燧說 검토 (A Review of the Theory of Gaya Beacons (Bongsu) in the Eastern Region of Jeollabuk-do)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고고학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국고고학보 / 2023권 / 2호 / 261 ~ 285페이지
· 저자명 : 홍성우

초록

본고는 전북 동부의 소위 ‘가야봉수’를 새로운 관점으로 이해하고자 쓴 글이다. 烽燧는 밤에 불로써 알리는 烽 과 낮에 연기로써 알리는 燧를 합친 말이며, 다른 용어로 烽火라고도 한다. 烽火는 어원상 烽燧보다는 오래되었지만, 조선 후기까지도 봉화와 봉수는 혼용하여 쓰였다. 조선시대 봉수와 구분하기 위해 전북 동부 봉수를 ‘가야봉화’라 하고 있지만 봉수가 맞다면 ‘가야봉수’라 하여도 무난할 듯하다. 가야봉수를 설명하는 용어인 發火 施設, 發火, 테뫼식 城壁, 烽候(火)制를 검토해 보았으나, 發火 등 봉수에 적용하기 어려운 용어가 있었다.
현재까지 조사된 가야봉수의 구조와 축조기법, 유물의 종류와 출토관계를 정리한 결과, 가야봉수는 동일한 정치체가 운영하였음에도 구조의 다양성, 출토유물의 빈약함과 무기류의 不在, 봉수군 편성의 어려움, 재와 같은 사용흔 미확인, 연대 분석(AMS) 결과 고려 및 조선시대로 판명 등 가야봉수로 보기에는 많은 문제점을 안고 있었다.
특히, 山頂에서 유물이 출토되었다는 점을 근거로 봉수대로 규정하는 것은 더욱 문제가 있었다. 한국의 오래된 방어전략은 성곽으로 입보하는 淸野入保 정책과 산으로 피신하는 隱身策이었다. 전북 동부지역 山頂이나山腹에서 출토되는 유물들은 6세기 전후 전쟁 시 일시에 몰려든 가야 피란민의 부산물일 가능성이 높아 보였다. 또한 가야봉수의 유구 검토에서도 기능별 다양성을 인정할 필요가 있었다. 전북 동부지역 가야봉수 중 봉수로 볼 수 없는 것과 기능별로 ‘烽燧·祭壇·望臺’로 구분하여 연구대상 봉수에 적용해 보았다.

영어초록

This article was written in order to examine the so-called ‘Gaya bongsu’ of eastern Jeollabuk- do from a new perspective. The term bongsu (烽燧) is a combination of bong (烽), which means to deliver urgent news using fire at night, and su (燧), which does the same during the day using smoke. Bongsu (烽燧) is also called bongwha (烽火). Throughout the Joseon Dynasty, these two terms, bongwha and bongsu, were used interchangeably. Many examples of use of the term bongwha have been found up until the late Joseon Dynasty.
To distinguish the bongsudae found in the eastern region of Jeollabuk-do from those of the Joseon Dynasty, they were called Gaya bongwha, but it seems safe to call them the Gaya bongsu. In addition, after examining the structure and system of Gaya bongsu, including beacon-fire facility (發火施設), beacon-fire pit (發火), temoe-style fortress built by encircling the summit area of a mountain with stones, and bongwha/bonghu system (烽候(火)制), certain problems were pointed out regarding the interpretation of Gaya bongsu.
The structure, construction techniques, types of artifacts, and relationship between the excavated features of the Gaya bongsu investigated thus far were summarized. The problems of Gaya bongsu were determined to be the vastly different structures that had been operated under the same local government; the scarcity of excavated artifacts and the absence of weapons; differences in radiocarbon AMS dates; difficulties in organizing the bongsugun (beacon-fire military); and unconfirmed traces of use such as ash.
It was deemed to be particularly problematic to define bongsu based only on the fact that artifacts had been excavated from the mountaintop. Korea’s long-standing defense strategies involved taking refuge in the fortress (淸野入保), as well as the method of hiding in the mountains. The artifacts excavated from the summit and slope of the mountains in the northeast of Jeollabuk-do were considered to be the remains of Gaya refugees who had swiftly fled to those places during the wars of around the 6th century. The sites argued to be Gaya bongsu in the eastern region of Jeollabuk-do were therefore classified into those that could and could not be regarded as bongsu; further classification was undertaken on bongsu, altars, and watchtowers. This classification was applied to the surveyed sites.

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