평양도읍기 고구려의 성곽방어체계 (A Study of Koguryo Fortress Defense System at Pyongyang Capital Period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중부고고학회
· 수록지 정보 : 고고학 / 12권 / 3호 / 117 ~ 147페이지
· 저자명 : 양시은

초록

427년 集安에서 평양으로 수도를 옮긴 고구려는 성의 배치와 방어 체계를 전면적으로 정비하였다. 평양 대성산성은 내부에서 기와를 포함한 다량의 고구려 유물과 건물지가 다수 발견된 바, 평양으로 천도할 당시 방어용 산성으로 주요하게 활용되었을 것으로 판단된다. 평지 도성의 후보지인 청암동토성은 궁전지로 추정된 지점에서 절터가 확인되었다. 또 다른 후보지인 안학궁은 고구려 중기의 석실분을 파괴하고 조성되었을 뿐만 아니라, 고구려 후기 및 이후 시기의 유물이 대부분을 차지하고 있어, 5세기 전반기에 축조된 것으로 보기는 어렵다. 6세기 중후반에는 장안성을 새롭게 축조하고 도읍을 옮겼는데, 평지성과 방어용 산성으로 이루어진 도성제가 하나의 대형 성곽으로 일원화되었다는 점에서 획기적이다.
한편, 평양도읍기에는 각 지역별로 성의 분포 양상에서 큰 차이를 보인다. 이 시기의 성은 遼東 지역을 중심으로 하는 서북 지방에 집중적으로 분포하고 있는데, 이는 對중국 방어를 최우선시 했음을 보여준다. 고구려는 遼河와 遼東半島의 서쪽 해안가를 따라 1차 국경 방어선을 구축하면서, 압록강을 건너 평양으로 향하는 遼東 지역의 모든 교통로에도 성을 축조했다. 주요 교통로와 요충지에는 중대형의 하곡평지형 포곡식산성을, 이어지는 간선 교통로에는 중소형의 산상형 포곡식산성과 보루를 포함한 산정식산성을 축조하여 다중의 방어 체계를 갖추었다. 서북쪽을 제외한 다른 지역은 성의 밀집도가 낮으며, 백제 및 신라와 국경을 마주하고 있는 남부 전선의 집중도가 상대적으로 높게 나타난다.

영어초록

This thesis is about the Koguryo fortress defense system at Pongyang capital period. Koguryo moved its capital from Jian to Pyongyang at 427. With the relocation of the capital, the spatial distribution pattern of Koguryo fortresses and its defense systems came to change fundamentally. The Daesung Mountain fortress is 7 km in length, in which foundations for main buildings and a large amount of Koguryo artifacts including roof tiles were found. It indicates that this fortress was used for important defensive purposes when Koguryo moved its capital to Pyongyang. As for an earthen-wall on the plain ground, either the Cheongamni earthen-wall or the Anhak palace is thought of as having been used for that purpose in previous studies.
In the mid to late 6th century Pyongyang Castle was built and Koguryo relocated its capital there. It is important to note that one large castle was singly used. This is different from the previous capital fortress system of Koguryo based on the combination of an earthen-walled fortress built on the plain ground and a mountain fortress used for defensive purposes. Pyongyang Castle is 23km round. It was composed of an inner fortress used as a royal palace and an outer fortress used as a residential area. The outer fortress was constructed a ccording to the Lifang system(里坊制).
There is a great regional difference in the spatial distribution of Koguryo fortresses. They are clustered around the Liaodong peninsula in the northwestern area. This shows that defense against China was considered most important in Koguryo. Koguryo established primary border defense systems along the Liao River and the western coast of the Liaodong peninsula. In doing so, they constructed fortresses along traffic routes from the Amnok River to Pyongyang in the Liaodong peninsula. Koguryo operated multiple defense systems. In other words, mid- to large-sized mountain fortresses encircling a valley were constructed along main traffic routes and at strategically important places, while mid-sized mountain fortresses encircling a valley and small- to mid-sized mountain fortresses encircling a mountain summit were constructed along secondary traffic routes. Compared with the northwestern area of Koguryo where fortresses were clustered in large numbers for the defense against China, fortresses are sparsely distributed in other regions. A few Koguryo fortresses are distributed in the southern front of Koguryo which was bordered with the Baekje and Silla territory. In the Hwanghae province large-sized mountain fortresses encircling a valley were constructed along traffic routes leading to Pyongyang. In the southern part of the Korean peninsula, on the other hand, small-sized mountain fortresses and hill forts are distributed in large numbers in and around the Imjin-Hantan River basin, Yangju, the Han River basin, and the Geum River basin.

참고자료

· 없음