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朝鮮鐵道 黃海線 沿線市場의 物流構造 -鐵道貨物輸送統計의 考察을 中心으로- (The structure of commodity distribution within the market economy along the Hwang-hae Line of the Chosen Railway Company -Focusing on the study of railroad cargo transportation statistics-)

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최초등록일 2025.04.12 최종저작일 2013.06
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朝鮮鐵道 黃海線 沿線市場의 物流構造 -鐵道貨物輸送統計의 考察을 中心으로-
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    서지정보

    · 발행기관 : 한일민족문제학회
    · 수록지 정보 : 韓日民族問題硏究 / 24호 / 61 ~ 97페이지
    · 저자명 : 다케우치 유스케

    초록

    本稿の目的は、黄海道という一地域を事例に、鉄道の敷設・拡張とそれにともなう地域経済の変化を、鉄道貨物輸送統計の観察により明らかにすることである。「黄海道」と「鉄道」に着目するのには、2つの理由がある。第一に、黄海道という地域は、他の地域に比べて、「私鉄」が大きな位置を占めるという点である。これまでの植民地期朝鮮の鉄道研究は主に国鉄が中心となっており、私鉄に関する研究が少ない。それは営業距離や貨物輸送量の面からみて、国鉄の比重が圧倒的に大きいからである。しかし、地域別に鉄道の敷設状況を検討すると、私鉄の比重が大きい地域がある。黄海道という地域は、まさにそのような地域であった。第二に、黄海道、その中でも朝鮮鉄道株式会社黄海線沿線という地域は、農産物と鉱産物という一次産品の生産を中心とするいわゆるモノカルチャー経済であった点である。植民地期の朝鮮経済の基本的特徴は、一次産品を日本に輸出するという貿易構造を持っていたことである。その意味で、黄海線沿線地域は当時の朝鮮経済全体を代表する地域だといえる。一方、1920年代後半から1930年代にかけて日本帝国の経済構造が重化学工業化していく中で、朝鮮内でも一定程度の工業化が進展するとともに、その原料となる鉱産物の生産も大きく増加した。それによって、同時期に鉱産物·工業製品を中心に、朝鮮内での物流量が増加するようになった。このような変化の結果、一次産品の生産を中心とする地域の市場がどのように変化したかを検証することは当時の朝鮮経済全体を理解するためにも重要なことだと考えられる。筆者が推計した鉄道輸送額の分析によると、黄海線の貨物輸送の特徴は、他地域との輸送が大部分ということである。その具体的内容は、第一に、国鉄·兼二浦駅(三菱製鉄兼二浦工場)への鉄鉱石の輸送が一貫して多かったことである。第二に、1930年代から米の輸送が増えたことである。この変化の要因は、米の生産地に路線が拡張したことと、海州港と鉄道が接続したこと(それによる海路経由での他地域への輸送の増加)が挙げられる。第三に、他地域からは工業製品が輸送されていたことである。つまり黄海線は、農産品·鉱産品という一次産品を「移出」し、工産品を「移入」するという典型的なモノカルチャー経済であり、それは植民地期を通じて一貫した特徴であったといえる。但し、1930年代に入ってそれまで以上に多くの米·鉄鉱石が他地域に輸送された結果、輸送の内容にも若干の変化が見られるようになった。これを到着の面から考察すると、第一に、肥料の到着が大きく増加した点を挙げることができる。これは米輸送の増加の結果、農家の現金収入機会を増やし、肥料の購入を増加させたためだと考えられる。また、この肥料の大部分は、咸鏡南道·朝鮮窒素興南工場の硫酸アンモニアであったことから、米輸送の増加の結果、朝鮮内での工産品の自給と地域間分業を促進したということもできる。第二に、綿織物、酒類など生活消費財の他地域からの到着額も増加していたことが挙げられる。さらに、同じ黄海線内で米以外の穀物や野菜類などの輸送額も増加していた。これらは一人当たりの到着額でみても増加していることから、一次産品の他地域への移出の結果、当該地域の生活消費財需要を喚起することになったと考えられる。但し、本稿の分析はあくまでマクロ的状況を観察したものである。このような変化が、黄海道の住民にどのような影響を及ぼしたのか、あるいはそうした変化に黄海道の住民がどのような対応をしたのかという具体的様相については今後の課題としたい。

    영어초록

    Through the study of rail cargo transportation statistics and taking the area called Hwang-hae-do as an example, this paper aims to shed light on the construction and expansion of the Hwang-hae Line, and the changes within the regional economy that followed. There are two reasons for this study’s focus on “Hwang-hae-do” and “railroads.” First, compared with other areas, “private railroads” played an important role within Hwang-hae-do. Until now, studies on colonial Korean railroads have mainly focused on government-owned railroads, and only a few have focused on private railroads. This is because government-owned railroads accounted for an overwhelming share of area coverage and cargo volume. However, if the construction of railroads is analyzed by region, it can be seen that there are certain areas wherein private railroads play a more significant role. Hwang-hae-do is one of these areas. Second, Hwang-hae-do, and within it the area along the Hwang-hae Line of the Chosen Railways is a so-called monoculture economy, focusing mainly on the production of agricultural and mineral products, which are primary commodities. The basic feature of the Korean economy during the colonial period is that its trade structure was characterized by exports of primary commodities to Japan. In this sense, the area along the Hwang-hae Line can be considered to be representative of the whole Korean economy. On the other hand, as the economic structure of the Japanese Empire underwent industrialization through the heavy and chemical industries from the latter half of the 1920s until the 1930s, the Korean economy underwent industrialization to a certain extent, and with it, the production of the necessary mineral products increased. Because of this, the volume of commodity distribution within Korea, primarily mineral products and manufactured goods, increased during the same period. As a result of these changes, the study of how markets changed in areas which mainly produced primary commodities can be considered important in the understanding of the whole Korean economy during this period.
    Results of the analysis of the estimated value of railroad cargo conducted by the author indicate that within the Hwang-hae Line, cargo was for the most part transported to areas outside the Hwang-hae Line. In particular, results show that, first, transportation of iron ore to Gyeomipo Station of the national railways (bound for the Gyeomipo Factory of the Mitsubishi Seitetsu Company) was substantial all throughout the period. Next, beginning in the 1930s, transportation of rice increased. The expansion of the line to rice producing areas and the connection of the railroad to the Haeju port (leading to an increase in transportation to other areas via shipping routes) can be cited as reasons for this change. Third, manufactured goods from other areas were transported to the Hwang-hae Line. In other words, the Hwang-hae Line “moved out” primary commodities such as agricultural and mineral products, and “moved in” manufactured goods, and the area along this line was a typical monoculture economy. It can be said that this was its defining characteristic all throughout the colonial period.
    On the other hand, beginning in the 1930s, as a result of the transportation of significant amounts of rice and mineral products to other areas, a slight change in the composition of commodities transported can be observed. Based on incoming cargo, first, there was a substantial increase in fertilizer shipments. This can be considered as the result of increased fertilizer purchases by farmers who obtained more cash earnings because of the increase in outward rice shipments. Furthermore, because most of the fertilizer shipments came from the Heungnam factory of the Chosenchisso Company in Hamgyeongnam-do producing ammonium sulphate, it can be said that the increase in rice shipments from Hwang-hae-do promoted self-sufficiency in the production of manufactured goods and hastened regional distribution of labor within Korea. Second, it can also be observed that the value of shipments of consumer goods such as cotton textiles and alcoholic products coming from other areas also increased. Furthermore, the value of transported non-rice cereals and vegetable products within the Hwang-hae Line area also increased at the same time. Even by looking at the increase in the per capita value of inward shipments, it may be safe to think that as a result of the outward movement of primary commodities to other areas, demand for consumer goods in Hwang-hae-do was stimulated.
    However, this analysis only covers the macroeconomic situation. In what way these changes affected people in Hwang-hae-do, or how the people reacted to these changes will be the subject of further research.

    참고자료

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