차관(次官) 정치를 통한 내각 견제와 균형: 알렉 더글라스-흄 정권의 사례를 중심으로 (The Balancing of Cabinet Influence via the Appointment of Junior Ministers: A Case Study of the Alec Douglas-Home Administration)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 영국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 영국연구 / 26호 / 231 ~ 261페이지
· 저자명 : 원태준

초록

이 논문은 1963년 말에 영국 총리로 임명된 알렉 더글라스-흄이 차관 정치를 통해 자신의 내각급 장관들의 권위와 영향력을 견제하려고 했던 사례를 살펴본다. 보수당의 패배가 예상되는 총선을 1년 남긴 상황에서 민주적인 선출 방식을 통하지 않고 총리직에 앉게 된 흄으로서는 내각 내에서 그 정치적 입지가 상당히 취약하였고, 따라서 임명 후 실시한 개각 인사에서 자신의 지지자들과 경선 라이벌들에게 주요 내각 직책들을 내주어야만 했다. 장관 인사를 통한 내각 장악을 할 수 없었던 흄은 행정부 운영의 주도권을 행사하기 위하여 차관 임명 및 차관의 업무에 의해 내각의 세력을 견제할 필요가 있었다. 이 과정에서 흄은 자신의 지지자이자 차기 당권 경쟁자로 주목받고 있던 에드워드 히스를 통상부장관으로 승진시켰지만 그 밑에 히스와 정치적 사상이 많이 다른 에드워드 듀 칸을 차관으로 임명하고 그에게 영연방 투자 관련　업무를 직접 맡기는 등 히스에 대한 본격적인 견제에 나섰다. 또 흄은 자신의 라이벌이었던 퀸틴 헤일셤의 과학부를 연방제 조직인 교육과학부로 개편하여 헤일셤의 세력을 약화시키고, 버틀러의 최측근인 에드워드 보일을 내각으로부터 강등시켜 헤일셤의 차관으로 앉힘으로써 장차관이 서로를 견제하도록 하여 양자의 영향력을 감소시키는 등 흄 자신에게 정치적인 위협이 될 수 있는 인물들을 감시하고 견제함으로써 내각에서 자신의 영향력 확대하려 하였다.

영어초록

This article looks at how Sir Alec Douglas-Home, who unexpectedly became British Prime Minister in October 1963, attempted to contain the authority and influence of his powerful Cabinet colleagues through the means of junior ministers within their respective departments. Home, whilst being a member of the House of Lords, had been more or less appointed as Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party by his predecessor Harold Macmillan and not via a meaningful democratic electoral process, and therefore was regarded by many to lack sufficient legitimacy needed to effectively form and lead an administration. What is more, upon his elevation Home had less than a year to go before having to face a general election at which the Conservative Party was strongly expected to lose power.
Given such precarious circumstances, Home had very little leeway in the formation of his new Cabinet．He needed to give in to the demands of those that had supported him in the leadership and of those he had defeated but who were still powerful enough to shatter the unity of the Party and to bring down Home’s government. Unable to take decisive control of his Cabinet by reshuffling his top team as he would have wished, Home needed to of his administration by appointing departmental junior ministers that he could use to keep the influences of his Cabinet rivals in check.
In this process, Home promoted his supporter and potential successor Edward Heath to Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development, but then appointed Edward du Cann ― someone who was temperamentally and politically the exact opposite of Heath ― as Heath’s Minister of State and personally instructed him to take the initiative in matters such as investing in Commonwealth countries. Rab Butler ― arguably the Cabinet’s most influential and best-known member ― was also given his prized role of Foreign Secretary, but Home placed an ally in the form of Peter Carrington as a Cabinet minister representing the Foreign Office with Butler as well as providing the former a seat on the Cabinet’s key Economic Policy Committee and thus allowing him as much input in the administration’s major decision-making procedure. Also, Home reorganised Quintin Hailsham’s Ministry of Science into a federal-style Department of Education and Science, thereby reducing Hailsham’s influence within his domain at the price of increasing that of his junior ministers, one of whom was the Butlerite Sir Edward Boyle who was instead stripped of his Cabinet status that he had enjoyed as Minister of Education.

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