『春秋』王曆② - 周代의 曆法 一考察 (『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆)② - A Study on the Calendar of Zhou(周) Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국동양철학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양철학 / 47호 / 191 ~ 227페이지
· 저자명 : 서정화

초록

『춘추』 경문은 태음력을 기반으로 동지가 포함된 달을 1월로 시작하며 그때를 春이라고 명명한다. 아울러 그것의 置閏에 대한 기사는 단 두 건만 확인된다. 본 논의에서는 『좌전』의 추가적인 윤월 기사를 통해 『춘추』왕력에서 활용한 치윤의 방법에 관해 추론해 보았다. 『좌전』 「文公」 元年의 “나머지 날수들을 ‘끝’으로 보낸다.”라는 기록에서의 그 ‘끝’을 연말로 이해하여 歲末置閏으로 인식한 경향이 보인다. 그러나 필자는 그에 대해 ‘時末置閏’ 내지는 ‘中氣가 들어 있지 않은 달로의 치윤’으로 해석하였다.
『서경』 「泰誓」 「牧誓」 「武成」편 등 ‘武王伐殷’ 기사가 서술된 내용 속에서는 당시의 역수가 『춘추』왕력과 동일하였음을 확인하였다. 『죽서기년』의 그와 관련된 기록들에서도 동일한 역수가 사용되었다. 이를 통해, 周初부터 적어도 『춘추』 경문이 만들어진 춘추시대까지는 왕력이라고 하는 주력이 사용되었다는 추론이 가능하다. 한편, 당대의 역법 체계가 비교적 잘 수록되어 있는 『맹자』와 『좌전』을 통해 본다면, 전국시대에는 周曆과 夏曆이 혼용되고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 漢代 이후에는 ‘동짓달=春’이라는 계절명이 더 이상 일반적인 관념으로 받아들여지지 않게 되었다.

영어초록

The calendar of the scriptures of 『Chūn-qiū(春秋)』 is the lunar calendar with the month including winter solstice as January beginning a new year, which is named as Chūn(春). Moreover, only two texts have been confirmed regarding its intercalation. In this discussion, through additional text on a leap month in 『Zuŏzhuàn(左傳)』, the method of intercalation used in 『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆 : the calendar regulated by the king of Zhōu(周) dynasty in 『Chūn-qiū』) was inferred. In the record of “sending other days to the ‘end’”in the first year of 「Wén-gōng(文公)」, 『Zuŏzhuàn(左傳)』, the ‘end’ was understood as the end of a year, and it showed the tendency of the recognition that there was a leap month at the end of a year(歲末置閏). However, in this paper, it was interpreted as ‘having a leap month at the end of a season(時末置閏)’ or ‘having a leap month in a month without Zhōng-qì(中氣).’ It has been judged in that way because it also corresponds to the subject of the text that four seasons are to be adjusted in order to prevent farming from going badly.
Next, in order to examine whether 『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆) was the calendar actually used in the court of Zhōu(周) dynasty or not, the following discussion was carried on through the analysis into some ancient legal books. It has been confirmed that the calendar of those times was identical to 『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆) at least in the contents describing the story of ‘Wǔ-wáng-fá-yīn(武王伐殷 : conquest over Shang dynasty by King Wǔ)’, such as 「Tài-shì(泰誓)」, 「Mù-shì(牧誓)」 and 「Wǔ-chéng(武成)」, in Zhōu-shū(周書) of 『Shū-jīng(書經)』. In addition, the same calendar was also used in the records related to it in 『Jí-zhǒng-gǔ-wén(汲冢古文=竹書紀年)』. Through which, it can be inferred that Zhōu-lì(周曆) called as Wáng-lì(王曆) was used from the early stage of Zhōu(周) dynasty to at least the Spring and Autumn Period when the scriptures of 『Chūn-qiū(春秋)』 were created. Meanwhile, when it was investigated through 『Mencius(孟子)』 and 『Zuŏzhuàn(左傳)』 in which the calendar system of the time was included relatively well, it's been proved that Zhōu-lì(周曆) and Xià-lì(夏曆) were used together during the Warring States Period. And then, since Han(漢) dynasty, the name of season of Wáng-lì(王曆) regarding ‘winter solstice month as Chūn(春)’ hasn’t been considered as a general notion any more.

참고자료

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