몽골제국과 『大元一統志』의 편찬 (The Mongol Empire and the Compilation of DaYuanYitongzhi)

서지정보

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· 저자명 : 김호동

초록

The world map of Honilgangriyeokdaegukdo jido (混一疆理歷代國都之圖) made in 1402 has drawn a lot of scholarly attention during the last several decades, and recent researches made significant contribution to the widening of our understanding. Especially Miya Noriko in her newly published book persuasively argued that the world map compiled and inserted in the work entitled DaYuanYitongzhi(元一統志) became the basis of Hongilgangrido. This article is an attempt to supplement her argument by clarifying and revising a couple of facts related with the relationship between those two maps.
(1) During the reign of Qubilai, the Board of War was in charge of collecting gazetteers of provincial areas and the Hanlin Academy was also commissioned to gathering various provincial gazetteers in order to compile a botanical work called Zhiyuanbenchao(至元本草). However, when the collection of geographical materials did not progress as planned, Jamal al-Din who was at that time the chief of Mishujian (Imperial Library Directorate) proposed to collect them systematically under the initiative of his bureau and to compile a comprehensive geography based on that collection. This suggests that the geographical book Jamal al-Din proposed was not about the entire Mongol empire, neither the whole area of Qubilai’s realm. Rather it was meant to cover basically the two areas of Handi and Jiangnan, i.e., China proper. Incidentally, at that time, a person named Yu Yinglong(虞應龍) had just finished a draft of geographical work which he named Tongtongzhi(統同志). Since it was considered to accord well with Jamal al-Din’s proposal, the office of Mishujian, based on the work of Yu, succeeded in compiling a geographical work. It was named DaYitongzhi, which is apparently inspired by the title of Yu’s work Tongtongzhi.
(2) It has been generally considered that DaYitongzhi was compiled in 1294 at first and revised in 1303. In fact, however, it was first compiled in 1291 and, when they obtained additional information on ‘far and border regions’ such as Yunnan and Liaoyang, supplementary volume(s) were made. At the same time, having checked the changes and mistakes, they drew up a table of addenda and corrigenda. However, when these changes became increased, in 1301 they decided to compile a revised edition and thus a new version was completed in 1303. Therefore, we can assume that in the library of Mishujian three different versions of DaYitongzhi were stored: (a) the first edition, 755 volumes(juan), completed in 1291, (b) the edition of 1294, 787 volumes in 483 book(ce), and (c) the final edition of 1303, 1,300 volumes in 600 books. The first version was printed later during the reign of Zhizheng but it was lost and now only a small portion survives.
(3) As the collection of various provincial maps of China was proceeding, in 1286 Jamal al-Din who had already possessed a number of “Muslim maps” proposed Qubilai to compile a world map covering the entire Mongol empire “from where the sun rises to where the sun goes down.” His request was approved and he further ordered to collect rah-nama, i.e., portolan map, from the Muslim merchants of the Indian Ocean. We are not sure whether he succeeded in compiling this map, but, considering the fact that it was an imperially commissioned project, it is reasonable to assume that it was completed if not some special circumstances. The world map he drew up must have been quite different from Honilgangrido which depicts China and Korea disproportionately bigger than the reality. We know that on a woodcut globe(kurah-iard) he presented to Qubilai the ratio of the land and the sea was 3:7. And there is no surviving Muslim maps that shows the composition as we see in Honilgangrido. This is the reason why I consider the world map of Jamal al-Din could not be a base map of Li Zemin(李澤民)’s Shengjiaoguangbeitu (聖敎廣被圖) which became the model of Honilgangrido.
(4) Therefore, I think it is necessary to turn our attention to a map named Tianxiadirizongtu(天下地理總圖) that was appended to the 1303 edition of DaYitongzhi. This edition contains a ‘small map(xiaotu) after the description of each circuit(lu), but it was necessary to provide a comprehensive map showing the entire region depicted in that work. Thus Tianxia diri zongtu was made and appended at the end of the book. It was drawn by a man named Fang Ping (方平), but soon later he worked in collaboration with Yu Yong (兪庸). Since this map was designed to show the areas that were described in DaYitongzhi, it is not surprising for us to see China depicted very much in detail. Although it seems that they made use of some geographical information in Jamal al-Din’s world map, the areas to the west of China was shrunken and distorted. Probably it is this Tianxia diri zongtu that was disseminated among the people and became the basis of Zhou Siben’s Guangyutu and Li Zemin’s Shengjiaoguangbeitu. If we draw a diagram based on the preceding discussions, it should be as follows.
① Jamal al-Din’s world map → ② Tianxia diri zongtu appended to DaYitongzhi → ③ The maps of Zhou Siben and Li Zemin → ④ Honilgangrido in Korea

영어초록

The world map of Honilgangriyeokdaegukdo jido (混一疆理歷代國都之圖) made in 1402 has drawn a lot of scholarly attention during the last several decades, and recent researches made significant contribution to the widening of our understanding. Especially Miya Noriko in her newly published book persuasively argued that the world map compiled and inserted in the work entitled DaYuanYitongzhi(元一統志) became the basis of Hongilgangrido. This article is an attempt to supplement her argument by clarifying and revising a couple of facts related with the relationship between those two maps.
(1) During the reign of Qubilai, the Board of War was in charge of collecting gazetteers of provincial areas and the Hanlin Academy was also commissioned to gathering various provincial gazetteers in order to compile a botanical work called Zhiyuanbenchao(至元本草). However, when the collection of geographical materials did not progress as planned, Jamal al-Din who was at that time the chief of Mishujian (Imperial Library Directorate) proposed to collect them systematically under the initiative of his bureau and to compile a comprehensive geography based on that collection. This suggests that the geographical book Jamal al-Din proposed was not about the entire Mongol empire, neither the whole area of Qubilai’s realm. Rather it was meant to cover basically the two areas of Handi and Jiangnan, i.e., China proper. Incidentally, at that time, a person named Yu Yinglong(虞應龍) had just finished a draft of geographical work which he named Tongtongzhi(統同志). Since it was considered to accord well with Jamal al-Din’s proposal, the office of Mishujian, based on the work of Yu, succeeded in compiling a geographical work. It was named DaYitongzhi, which is apparently inspired by the title of Yu’s work Tongtongzhi.
(2) It has been generally considered that DaYitongzhi was compiled in 1294 at first and revised in 1303. In fact, however, it was first compiled in 1291 and, when they obtained additional information on ‘far and border regions’ such as Yunnan and Liaoyang, supplementary volume(s) were made. At the same time, having checked the changes and mistakes, they drew up a table of addenda and corrigenda. However, when these changes became increased, in 1301 they decided to compile a revised edition and thus a new version was completed in 1303. Therefore, we can assume that in the library of Mishujian three different versions of DaYitongzhi were stored: (a) the first edition, 755 volumes(juan), completed in 1291, (b) the edition of 1294, 787 volumes in 483 book(ce), and (c) the final edition of 1303, 1,300 volumes in 600 books. The first version was printed later during the reign of Zhizheng but it was lost and now only a small portion survives.
(3) As the collection of various provincial maps of China was proceeding, in 1286 Jamal al-Din who had already possessed a number of “Muslim maps” proposed Qubilai to compile a world map covering the entire Mongol empire “from where the sun rises to where the sun goes down.” His request was approved and he further ordered to collect rah-nama, i.e., portolan map, from the Muslim merchants of the Indian Ocean. We are not sure whether he succeeded in compiling this map, but, considering the fact that it was an imperially commissioned project, it is reasonable to assume that it was completed if not some special circumstances. The world map he drew up must have been quite different from Honilgangrido which depicts China and Korea disproportionately bigger than the reality. We know that on a woodcut globe(kurah-iard) he presented to Qubilai the ratio of the land and the sea was 3:7. And there is no surviving Muslim maps that shows the composition as we see in Honilgangrido. This is the reason why I consider the world map of Jamal al-Din could not be a base map of Li Zemin(李澤民)’s Shengjiaoguangbeitu (聖敎廣被圖) which became the model of Honilgangrido.
(4) Therefore, I think it is necessary to turn our attention to a map named Tianxiadirizongtu(天下地理總圖) that was appended to the 1303 edition of DaYitongzhi. This edition contains a ‘small map(xiaotu) after the description of each circuit(lu), but it was necessary to provide a comprehensive map showing the entire region depicted in that work. Thus Tianxia diri zongtu was made and appended at the end of the book. It was drawn by a man named Fang Ping (方平), but soon later he worked in collaboration with Yu Yong (兪庸). Since this map was designed to show the areas that were described in DaYitongzhi, it is not surprising for us to see China depicted very much in detail. Although it seems that they made use of some geographical information in Jamal al-Din’s world map, the areas to the west of China was shrunken and distorted. Probably it is this Tianxia diri zongtu that was disseminated among the people and became the basis of Zhou Siben’s Guangyutu and Li Zemin’s Shengjiaoguangbeitu. If we draw a diagram based on the preceding discussions, it should be as follows.
① Jamal al-Din’s world map → ② Tianxia diri zongtu appended to DaYitongzhi → ③ The maps of Zhou Siben and Li Zemin → ④ Honilgangrido in Korea

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