淸代 湖南西部 苗亂의 終熄 (The Waning of Miao Rebellion in the West Hunan under the Qing)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 157호 / 317 ~ 360페이지
· 저자명 : 김홍길

초록

The resistance struggles of the famous Miao tribes in history need to be viewed regionally in order to accurately identify their reality or character. Until now, the constant resistance of the Miao tribes has been highlighted throughout the various regions, but when the regions are observed separately, the differences appear. The struggles in the Xiangxi (West Hunan) dealt with in this thesis peaked in the early 19th century, from the end of the Qianlong to the beginning of the Jiaqing, and after that, the power of the struggles significantly decreased.
What was it that almost put an end to the resistance struggles of the Miao in the Xiangxi region that has been going on since the Ming Dynasty? First of all, military pressure is inevitable. After the Qianlong-Jiaqing Miao uprising, the military facilities closely installed at the strategic points of the Miao Territory were better applied as a means of daily control as well as defense against Miao rebellion even more than in the Ming Dynasty. However, in order to operate these many facilities well, it is of course important to be filled with the troops, but it brought a financial problem to keep using military expenses to maintain this. When this uprising was almost suppressed, the regular army moved to the area due to the so-called White Lotus rebellion that took place in the contiguous areas of Hubei, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, etc., which increased the militia consisted of the Han or Miao a lot in Xiangxi. So that a different method to finance their expenses was devised. That is the Tuntian (military-agricultural land system).
The person who planned the installation of this Tuntian and put it into practice was Tongzhi(同知) Funai(傅鼐), the head of the Fenghuang Ting, and his concept of Tuntian was different from the usual ones in terms of land acquirement and operation. In general, the land in Tuntian was procured with the land of those who lost its owner due to war or took part in the rebellion. In addition to the above land, Funai wanted to make public land by coercing the landowners, Han and Miao alike, into contributing a lot of land in the name of Juntian (Equal-dividing land system). This plan was approved and started to be implemented at the Fenghuang in the 4th year of Jiaqing, but in the process of expanding it to the adjacent area, it met with a lot of resistance. In fact, there were a number of difficulties that even the emperor gave the comment with concern, but in the end it was achieved and implemented throughout the Miao territory in Xiangxi.
As a result, Tuntian in Xiangxi, the fields cultivated by soldiers, which was the original state of Tuntian, were much fewer than those cultivated by inhabitants, the Miao mostly. In other words, the local government became the giant landowner and the residents became the tenant. The rent was so severe that the Miaos fell to a level of eking out a scanty livelihood. However, recent studies in China explain that this system brought stability to the life of the Miao and calmed the uprising of the Miao in the region. Of course, it can be said that they were not in a predicament to the extent that it was difficult to continue their meals right away since they were tenants, but to think that they led a stable life is an overly favorable interpretation of the situation at the time. If that is the case, then it will not be possible to explain why the massive anti-rent struggle that followed or the movement to abolish Tuntian in the later era. Thus it would be more reasonable to view that the incentive to cause an uprising was less than a situation where it was difficult to live a life that was just trying to make a living.
In addition, it cannot be overlooked that this Tuntian system significantly reduced the land of the landowners of the Miao tribe, which resulted in a marked decrease in their influence in the area they had previously owned. This meant that they could no longer expect the same role they had played in the previous uprisings. This point should be noted as the cause of the subsidence of the resistance dynamics in the Xiangxi region. The large-scale uprising in the late 19th century that took place in the Southeastern Guizhou had a background in which influential persons remained alive in whatever way they worked, along with the extremely difficult life of the people. Moreover, this area was also a place where the wealth accumulated in the private sector through active forestry management. In a nutshell, the Tuntian system in the Xiangxi took away the wealth of the private sector by the government, which also waned the power to cause an uprising that could be called a rebellion.

영어초록

The resistance struggles of the famous Miao tribes in history need to be viewed regionally in order to accurately identify their reality or character. Until now, the constant resistance of the Miao tribes has been highlighted throughout the various regions, but when the regions are observed separately, the differences appear. The struggles in the Xiangxi (West Hunan) dealt with in this thesis peaked in the early 19th century, from the end of the Qianlong to the beginning of the Jiaqing, and after that, the power of the struggles significantly decreased.
What was it that almost put an end to the resistance struggles of the Miao in the Xiangxi region that has been going on since the Ming Dynasty? First of all, military pressure is inevitable. After the Qianlong-Jiaqing Miao uprising, the military facilities closely installed at the strategic points of the Miao Territory were better applied as a means of daily control as well as defense against Miao rebellion even more than in the Ming Dynasty. However, in order to operate these many facilities well, it is of course important to be filled with the troops, but it brought a financial problem to keep using military expenses to maintain this. When this uprising was almost suppressed, the regular army moved to the area due to the so-called White Lotus rebellion that took place in the contiguous areas of Hubei, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, etc., which increased the militia consisted of the Han or Miao a lot in Xiangxi. So that a different method to finance their expenses was devised. That is the Tuntian (military-agricultural land system).
The person who planned the installation of this Tuntian and put it into practice was Tongzhi(同知) Funai(傅鼐), the head of the Fenghuang Ting, and his concept of Tuntian was different from the usual ones in terms of land acquirement and operation. In general, the land in Tuntian was procured with the land of those who lost its owner due to war or took part in the rebellion. In addition to the above land, Funai wanted to make public land by coercing the landowners, Han and Miao alike, into contributing a lot of land in the name of Juntian (Equal-dividing land system). This plan was approved and started to be implemented at the Fenghuang in the 4th year of Jiaqing, but in the process of expanding it to the adjacent area, it met with a lot of resistance. In fact, there were a number of difficulties that even the emperor gave the comment with concern, but in the end it was achieved and implemented throughout the Miao territory in Xiangxi.
As a result, Tuntian in Xiangxi, the fields cultivated by soldiers, which was the original state of Tuntian, were much fewer than those cultivated by inhabitants, the Miao mostly. In other words, the local government became the giant landowner and the residents became the tenant. The rent was so severe that the Miaos fell to a level of eking out a scanty livelihood. However, recent studies in China explain that this system brought stability to the life of the Miao and calmed the uprising of the Miao in the region. Of course, it can be said that they were not in a predicament to the extent that it was difficult to continue their meals right away since they were tenants, but to think that they led a stable life is an overly favorable interpretation of the situation at the time. If that is the case, then it will not be possible to explain why the massive anti-rent struggle that followed or the movement to abolish Tuntian in the later era. Thus it would be more reasonable to view that the incentive to cause an uprising was less than a situation where it was difficult to live a life that was just trying to make a living.
In addition, it cannot be overlooked that this Tuntian system significantly reduced the land of the landowners of the Miao tribe, which resulted in a marked decrease in their influence in the area they had previously owned. This meant that they could no longer expect the same role they had played in the previous uprisings. This point should be noted as the cause of the subsidence of the resistance dynamics in the Xiangxi region. The large-scale uprising in the late 19th century that took place in the Southeastern Guizhou had a background in which influential persons remained alive in whatever way they worked, along with the extremely difficult life of the people. Moreover, this area was also a place where the wealth accumulated in the private sector through active forestry management. In a nutshell, the Tuntian system in the Xiangxi took away the wealth of the private sector by the government, which also waned the power to cause an uprising that could be called a rebellion.

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