기후변화와 商代의 稻作 (The Climatic change and Shang's Rice Culture)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국중국학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국학보 / 59호 / 161 ~ 185페이지
· 저자명 : 배진영

초록

Traditionally the conventional agricultural economic zone concept, called ‘rice in south, foxtail millet in north’, has been formed in China: the origin and center region of rice culture is the middle and lower reaches of the Yangzi River and that of millet and foxtail millet culture is the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Therefore the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River area has been considered to represent the millet and foxtail millet culture.
However the recent research achievements in ancient climatology and archeology excavation provide room to reconsider this conventional concept. In the perspective of this reconsidering understanding, this paper attempted to review the possibility of rice culture in Shang, since Shang was located at the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and climatologically included in the Holocene.
That is, if the understanding on the representative crop is based on the present climate, that is, cold and dry, and the present crops, it can be considered that the Shang's climate would be different from the present one and, consequently, the Shang's crops be different from the present ones, through the interpretation of the recent research achievements in ancient climatology and archeology excavation.
The result of this investigation is as follow.
According to the research, the average temperature of Central Field in the middle of Shang period was approximately 15.6〜16.6 degree in celsius; all the temperatures in January were approximately 1.2〜3.2 degree in celsius, which is approximately 3~5 degree in celsius higher in average than those in the present; the average temperatures of all the months in the region from Yangshao culture to Yinxu in Anyang were approximately 2 degree in celsius higher than those in the present. And an achievement of research in archeology that the traces of rice from the Neolithic era to Shang period were discovered.
The achievements in ancient climatology and archeology shows that the weather became warm in Central Field area approximately around 5,000 ago, swamps were increased in the area, and consequently the area became the mixed cultivation area of foxtail milltet and rice.
Therefore it cannot be considered that there is no possibility of rice cultivation being practiced more widely than expected.
Therefore, the view that rice were widely cultivated as crops in Shang provides a new interpretation to the existing view that the Shang's agriculture was mainly based on dry cultivation.
Besides, at the end of the period, the warm and damp climate became cold and dry, and the letter 暵 in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces implies heavy drought. There are a number of inscriptions in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces with the contents similar to the paragraph of “Divination is to be conducted. It didn't have rained. Does God give us a drought?”. The warm period of Holocene ended approximately around 3,000 ago. This ending period is corresponding to the end of Shang period. Accordingly the wind blew from the north-west. Consequently Central Field area got dry and the land became covered with yellow soil. In addition, the trend of decrease of underground water level continued and waterfall decreased.
Therefore, it can be considered that the Shang's cultivation structure changed mainly toward chinese millet of dry crops. With the weather change of cold and dry, the foxtail millet cultivation being practiced more widely, due to these changes, it is assumed that the rice culture of Shang was reduced as a result. Therefore the conventional agricultural economic zone concept, ‘rice in south, foxtail millet in north’, has been formed in China.

영어초록

Traditionally the conventional agricultural economic zone concept, called ‘rice in south, foxtail millet in north’, has been formed in China: the origin and center region of rice culture is the middle and lower reaches of the Yangzi River and that of millet and foxtail millet culture is the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Therefore the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River area has been considered to represent the millet and foxtail millet culture.
However the recent research achievements in ancient climatology and archeology excavation provide room to reconsider this conventional concept. In the perspective of this reconsidering understanding, this paper attempted to review the possibility of rice culture in Shang, since Shang was located at the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and climatologically included in the Holocene.
That is, if the understanding on the representative crop is based on the present climate, that is, cold and dry, and the present crops, it can be considered that the Shang's climate would be different from the present one and, consequently, the Shang's crops be different from the present ones, through the interpretation of the recent research achievements in ancient climatology and archeology excavation.
The result of this investigation is as follow.
According to the research, the average temperature of Central Field in the middle of Shang period was approximately 15.6〜16.6 degree in celsius; all the temperatures in January were approximately 1.2〜3.2 degree in celsius, which is approximately 3~5 degree in celsius higher in average than those in the present; the average temperatures of all the months in the region from Yangshao culture to Yinxu in Anyang were approximately 2 degree in celsius higher than those in the present. And an achievement of research in archeology that the traces of rice from the Neolithic era to Shang period were discovered.
The achievements in ancient climatology and archeology shows that the weather became warm in Central Field area approximately around 5,000 ago, swamps were increased in the area, and consequently the area became the mixed cultivation area of foxtail milltet and rice.
Therefore it cannot be considered that there is no possibility of rice cultivation being practiced more widely than expected.
Therefore, the view that rice were widely cultivated as crops in Shang provides a new interpretation to the existing view that the Shang's agriculture was mainly based on dry cultivation.
Besides, at the end of the period, the warm and damp climate became cold and dry, and the letter 暵 in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces implies heavy drought. There are a number of inscriptions in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise carapaces with the contents similar to the paragraph of “Divination is to be conducted. It didn't have rained. Does God give us a drought?”. The warm period of Holocene ended approximately around 3,000 ago. This ending period is corresponding to the end of Shang period. Accordingly the wind blew from the north-west. Consequently Central Field area got dry and the land became covered with yellow soil. In addition, the trend of decrease of underground water level continued and waterfall decreased.
Therefore, it can be considered that the Shang's cultivation structure changed mainly toward chinese millet of dry crops. With the weather change of cold and dry, the foxtail millet cultivation being practiced more widely, due to these changes, it is assumed that the rice culture of Shang was reduced as a result. Therefore the conventional agricultural economic zone concept, ‘rice in south, foxtail millet in north’, has been formed in China.

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