첨성대 축조 발원자 (Who Proposed to Build Cheomseongdae?)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 신라문화 / 49권 / 31 ~ 64페이지
· 저자명 : 장활식

초록

첨성대 축조발원자로 신종원(1996)은 안홍(579~640), 장윤성‧장활식(2009)은 밀본을 지목했으며, 장활식(2016)은 안함(=안홍)의 별호가 ‘밀본’이었다고 했다. 첨성대연구는 신라밀교의 근본이었던 안함(=안홍)을 첨성대 축조발원자로 지목하였다.
안함(=안홍)은 진평왕 23년(601)부터 隋에서 비법과 진문을 학습하고, 진평왕 27년(605)에 귀국하면서 불사리, 『능가경』, 『승만경』뿐만 아니라 『금광명경』, 『관정경』 등의 밀교경전도 신라로 가져왔다고 판단된다. 진평왕47년(625)에는 唐에서 서역삼장들을 초빙해 『전단향화성광묘녀경』 역경사업을 펼쳐 덕만공주의 왕위계승을 뒷받침했다. 안함(=안홍)은 『안함기』, 『안홍기』, 『동도성립기』 등으로 칭해진 참서를 통해 신라역사를 재구성하고, 신라에 밀교를 전파하고, 미래신라를 설계하여 후대에 의해 聖人으로 평가된 김씨 진골태생의 밀교승려이었다.
본 연구는 첨성대축조 발원자가 안함(=안홍)이었음을 분명하게 밝혔다. 첫째, 선덕왕지기삼사의 제 3사 전체 내용이 안함(=안홍)의 예언에 기초한 일연의 서술로 판단되었다. 선덕여왕의 죽을 날은 부험의 영험함이 입증되는 형태로 안함(=안홍)에 의해 예언되었다고 본다. 둘째, 첨성대가 안함(=안홍)의 신라불국토설에 입각한 것임을 입증하는 기록을 『삼국유사』에서 발견했다. 『별기』는 안함(=안홍)의 참서인 『동도성립기』로 드러났다. 셋째, 안함(=안홍)관련기록에 ‘일연의 코드’가 존재함을 밝혔다. 황룡사의 초주였던 환희사도 역시 안함(=안홍)의 별호였다고 판단되었다. 넷째, 선덕여왕의 장례는 안함(=안홍)이 隋에서 가져왔을 『관정경』 제 6권의 탑총장으로 치러졌던 것이다. 첨성대는 선덕여왕의 묘탑이자 영혼의 도리천 상생통로였다.

영어초록

Who Proposed to Build Cheomseongdae? Cheomseongdae(瞻星臺), known as one of the world's oldest star-gazing tower built during the reign(632~647) of Queen Seondeok(善德女王), is a stone structure located in the former Silla(新羅) Dynasty capital of Gyeongju(慶州). A research suggested that an Esoteric Buddhist monk called AhnHong(安弘) proposed to build the structure. Another research articulated that it was MilBorn(密本) who proposed to build the stupa. A more recent research revealed that MilBorn, of which literal meaning is 'the Root of Secret Buddhism', was an alias for AhnHong.
AhnHong, also known as AhnHaam, went to Sue(隋) in 601 at the age of 23 to study Esoteric Buddhism and returned to Silla in 605 with various sutras that greatly impacted Buddhism in Silla. In 625, he returned this time from Tang(唐) with three Indian Tripiṭaka Masters(三藏法師) who translated an Esoteric sutra titled 『A Mysterious Woman of Sandalwood Incense and Burning Star Lights』(『栴檀香火星光妙女經』) at HwangYoung Temple(黃龍寺). This sutra was for deifying Princess DeokMaan(德曼公主) who became Queen Seondeok as an incarnated Mahāśrī(摩訶室利). Mahāśrī is a Buddhist goddess of happiness and good fortune adopted from a Hindu goddess, Lakṣmī(拉希米). AhnHong desired to construct a Buddha Land in Silla but died in 640. His plan, however, was successfully carried out by Silla people after his death. His Buddha Land Plan included the nine-story wooden pagoda at HwangYong Temple(皇龍寺九層木塔) built in 645, Queen SeonDeok's funeral at Trayastriṃśa(忉利天) carried out in 647, and the Four Deva Temple(四天王寺) below Trayastriṃśa built in 679, and the seven major Buddhist temples in Gyeongju constructed during the 6th and 7th centuries.
This paper examined the plausibility of the claim that Cheomseongdae was proposed to be built by AhnHong, reached at a conclusion that the claim is valid, and came up with additional evidence to support the claim. It turned out that AhnHong was responsible for many prophecies that Silla people truly believed. In his prophetic book, of which one name is 『Chronicles of Eastern Buddhism's Formation』(『東都成立記』), AhnHaam rewrote the history of Silla from the time before Śākyamuni and foretold, based on the rewritten history, the events that would be eventually actualized by the Silla people.
『Left-out Memorabilia of the Three Kingdom』(『三國遺事』), a 13th century historical text containing the oldest record on Cheomseongdae, simply stated that "According to 『Supplementary Records』(『別記』), Cheosengdae was built during the reign of Queen Seondeok." Consequently, many researchers had wondered what were written in the records. This paper found evidence from the quoting book that 『Supplementary Records』 were from the prophetic book, 『Chronicles of Eastern Buddhism's Formation』, written by AhnHong.
One known fact in Cheomseongdae research is that the tomb of Queen Seondeok and Cheomseongdae were aligned with the direction of sunrise at the winter solstice. This research found that the locations were determined in such a fashion based on an esoteric sutra called 『Sutra of Consecration』(『灌頂經』) imported very likely by AhnHong. This paper concludes that AhnHong was the esoteric monk who proposed to build Cheomseongdae.

참고자료

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