전후 미국의 대(對)독일 문화정책과 ‘문화의 미국화’ 기획 - 1950, 60년대 포드재단의 활동을 중심으로 - (U.S. Cultural Policy and the ‘Americanization’ of Culture in Germany - Focusing on the Role of the Ford Foundation during 1950s and 1960s)

서지정보

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· 수록지 정보 : 독일연구 - 역사·사회·문화 / 22호 / 153 ~ 182페이지
· 저자명 : 박용희

초록

This paper is concerned with the role of the Ford Foundation in Germany during 1950s and 1960s and with the ways in which their activities related to the projection of America's political, economic, and cultural power in Europe at the age of the cold war. The Ford Foundation had been in existence since 1936, but its prewar endowment remained small. In the last half of 1940s it became the largest philanthropic organization in the world. And through an increasingly closer link between the foundation's activities and U.S. foreign policy it became close partners in the cold culture wars.
After a number of small programs like publications and financial support for German papers the foundation launched several cultural programs. Among them were a grant to the Free University and support for scholarly exchanges. A more ambitious program was aid to some of the activities carried on by the “Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)”. The CCF was an anti-communist advocacy group founded in 1950. Until it was revealed that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) was instrumental in the establishment and management of the European intellectuals, the CCF was “the most effective organization in Europe working among political, intellectual, and cultural leaders” against communist threat.
The U.S. cultural policy and especially the activities of the foundation were a response to the growing activities of the Soviets in Europe. At the same time, more attention and money was given to cultural and scholarly causes in Germany to counter the persistent anti-Americanism. Many director of German program in the foundation have experienced that Germans and the Europeans more generally thought of American culture as a “trashy”, “vulgar” and “primitive” mass culture. So they tried to demonstrate how much these European notions of American culture were based on prejudice born of ignorance. The activities of the Ford Foundation were a larger attempt by the U.S. elites to convince their Western European counterparts that their impressions of America as lacking a hight culture were false.

영어초록

This paper is concerned with the role of the Ford Foundation in Germany during 1950s and 1960s and with the ways in which their activities related to the projection of America's political, economic, and cultural power in Europe at the age of the cold war. The Ford Foundation had been in existence since 1936, but its prewar endowment remained small. In the last half of 1940s it became the largest philanthropic organization in the world. And through an increasingly closer link between the foundation's activities and U.S. foreign policy it became close partners in the cold culture wars.
After a number of small programs like publications and financial support for German papers the foundation launched several cultural programs. Among them were a grant to the Free University and support for scholarly exchanges. A more ambitious program was aid to some of the activities carried on by the “Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)”. The CCF was an anti-communist advocacy group founded in 1950. Until it was revealed that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) was instrumental in the establishment and management of the European intellectuals, the CCF was “the most effective organization in Europe working among political, intellectual, and cultural leaders” against communist threat.
The U.S. cultural policy and especially the activities of the foundation were a response to the growing activities of the Soviets in Europe. At the same time, more attention and money was given to cultural and scholarly causes in Germany to counter the persistent anti-Americanism. Many director of German program in the foundation have experienced that Germans and the Europeans more generally thought of American culture as a “trashy”, “vulgar” and “primitive” mass culture. So they tried to demonstrate how much these European notions of American culture were based on prejudice born of ignorance. The activities of the Ford Foundation were a larger attempt by the U.S. elites to convince their Western European counterparts that their impressions of America as lacking a hight culture were false.

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