高麗 對蒙抗爭期 險山大城의 入保用山城 出現 (Advent of Protective Fortress on the Rugged Mountains during the Goryeo Dynasty's War Period against Mongolian Invasion)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고대학회
· 수록지 정보 : 선사와 고대 / 40호 / 189 ~ 224페이지
· 저자명 : 김호준

초록

13세기의몽골제국은동아시아를넘어유럽까지그들의영토를넓혀나갔다. 고려도몽골제국의영향권에서 벗어날 수없었다. 몽골제국의 고려 침공은 고려의 무인정권에의해 항전이결정되었고, 1231년부터 1273년에 이르는 장기간에 걸친 항쟁이 전개되었다. 그러나 몽골은서하(西夏), 금(金), 송(宋)의 도시성곽을 공격하는 과정에서 성곽을 공격하는 전술과 무기를체득(體得)해 있었고, 세계 최강의 군사조직을 갖춰 있었다.
고려는전쟁초기부터삼국시대부터이어온전통적인청야입보(淸野入保)에입각한수성전술(守城戰術)로 몽골과의 전쟁을 준비했으나, 당시 세계 최강의 몽골군의 계속되는 공격을방어하기가어려웠다. 이에고려는몽골이수전(水戰)에약하다는점을파악하여강도(江都)로천도하고, 해도(海島)로 백성들을 입보하였다. 대몽전쟁 초기인 1~3차 전쟁까지는 기존의 양계(兩界, 北界 東界) 진성(鎭城) 및 각 도의 주현성(州縣城)을 통한 수성전을 진행하였고,3차 전쟁시에 산성방호별감(山城防護別監)을 파견하여 몽골군의 공격을 효과적으로 막아냈다. 3차 전쟁 이후 1243년에는 각 도에 산성권농별감 37인을 보내 군사적인 목적으로 성곽을수축하여 5차 전쟁을 준비하였다.
그러나5차전쟁부터몽골군은부몽(附蒙)세력과함께침략시기를앞당겨추수이전에침공하였다. 그리고6차전쟁에서는침략시기를파종시기와추수이전등다양하게하였고, 체류기간을 이전 전쟁과 달리 1년을 넘게 지속하여 고려의 전국토를 유린하였다. 이러한 전쟁의변화는 주현성(州縣城)에서 험산대성(險山大城)의 입보용산성을 축성하는 배경이라 할 수있다.
내륙의 입보용성곽은주현성에서5차 침입 이후 6차침입과정 속에서 험산대성(險山大城)의 입보용산성이 전국으로 확대 축조되었다. 그리고 고대(古代) 산성에 비해 훨씬 대형화되고있으며, 교통로에서멀리떨어진산세가험한지형으로옮겨가고있었다. 그리고입보산성의 축조 및 변화는 여러 군현을 통합하여 입보하는 정책의 변화와 직접 관련이 있으며,몽골과의공성전을겪으면서그에대응책의변화와도관련이있다. 특히암석이많은산악지대를 선택한 것도 화살과 투석에 필요한 석재 이용이 용이한 점과 몽골 기마병들의 진입이어렵고, 투석기등의 공성용무기를 운반하기 어려운 자연적이점을선택했을것이다. 이점은이전의 북방 유목민족과 겪어왔던 우리의 대응책이었다.
고려 대몽항쟁기에 사용된 입보용산성은 대부분 고로봉형의 입지조건을, 일부에서는 고로봉형(외성)+사모봉형(내성)의 입지조건을 보이고 있었다. 이들 산성은 괴산 미륵산성, 제천월악산성, 춘천의 삼악산성, 속초 권금성, 인제 한계산성, 상주 금돌성, 담양 금성산성, 장흥수인산성 등이있다. 이러한 입보용산성들은험산대성(險山大城)으로 정리할 수 있듯이, 해발고가 600m 이상 높은 곳에 축조되었고, 둘레가 대체로 5~7km 정도이다.
이후 험산대성의 입보용산성은 합단적과 홍건적(紅巾賊)의 1 2차 침입과 왜구(倭寇)의약탈시기에도 사용되었다. 고려 말 왜구가 점차 극복되면서, 연해지역 평지에 읍성을 수축하여 주민들을 보호할 수 있게 되었다. 그리고 조선 초기에는 왜구 방비를 위해 수군의 증강과병선의 배치, 진수(鎭戍)의 증설 등의 조치와 함께 연해 읍성 및 산성의 정비를 병행하였다.
산성 입보처에 대해서는 조선 태종 10년에도 계속적인 국가차원의 관리가 이어지고 있었다.
대몽항쟁기 입보용산성은 장기간의 농성을 할 수 있는 수원 및 입보민의 수용공간 확보 등을고려한 점에서 조선시대 후기 임진왜란과 병자호란을 겪은 뒤 관방론에 입각하여 재사용되었다.

영어초록

The Mongol Empire in the 13th century expanded their territory to Europe beyond theEast Asia. Goryeo Dynasty also could not escape from the influence of the MongolEmpire. Goryeo Dynasty's military regime decided to fight back against the invasion ofMongol Empire and their struggles against the Mongolian invasion had been sustained fora long time from 1231 to 1273.
However, Mongol Empire already learned the tactics and how to use arms to attackfortresses from their attacks to the urban castles in the Western Xia Dynasty, Chin Dynastyand Sung Dynasty. They were equipped with the strongest military organization in theworld.
Goryeo Dynasty had prepared the wars against Mongol Empire with the tactics todepend fortress based on traditional tactic of fighting inside the fortress which had beenused since the Three Kingdom Era, but they had difficulties in defending the attack by theworld-strongest Mongolian military forces. During the process, Goryeo Dynastynoticed thefact that Mongolian military forces were weak in water warfare. So they moved the capitalcity to Ganghwa Island and protected people using the sea island. Goryeo Dynastyperformedthe water wars to protect fortresses through the two regions (Bukgye andDonggye), camp fortress, and the representative fortress in each province to the 1st-3rdwars, which was the early period of the wartime against Mongol. At the time of the 3rdwar, Goryeo Dynasty dispatched mountain fortress guard officers and protected thefortress from the attack of Mongolian troops effectively. After the 3rd war, Goryeo Dynastydispatched37 mountain-fortress farming-encouraging officers to each province in 1243 andbuilt a fortressfor military purpose to prepare against the 5th war. After the 5th war,Mongolian troops advanced the attacking time and attacked before the harvest season with the Korean power class that cooperated with Mongol. In the 6th war, the attacking timevaried from seeding time to pre-harvest time and the Mongolian troops stayed over oneyear, which was different from previous wars. By doing so, they couldinfiltrate the wholeland of Goryeo Dynasty. Such changes in the wars were the background to make GoryeoDynasty build a protective fortress in the rugged mountain in a representative fortress. Asfor the inland protective fortresses, protective fortresses were built on the rugged mountainexpanding nationwide during the 6th invasion. They were far bigger in size than thefortresses in ancient times and the location was moved to the rugged mountains, whichwere far apart from the transportation roads. The construction and changes in protectivefortresses were directly related to the changes in policies that integrated many districts forprotection. They also were related to the changes in counter actions that were madethrough the wars attacking fortresses by Mongolian troops. Goryeo forces selected ruggedmountain areas for battlefield for easy use of stones that were needed in making arrowsand throwing stones. Also, rugged mountain areas were hard to climb for Mongoliancavalry soldiers and hard to move the arms such as stone-throwing deviceto attack thefortress. Such natural geographical advantages had been used as a counter-action againstthe attacks by Northern nomads.
Most protective fortresses built against the invasion of Mongolian troops were located inbowl-type mountain area. Part of them were located in bowl-type mountain area (outerfortress) combined with hat-type mountain area (inner fortress). Those fortresses areMireuk Fortress in Goewan, Mt. Wolsak Fortress in Jecheon, Mt. Samak Fortress inChuncheon, GwonguemFortress in Sokcho, Mt. Hangye Fortress in Inje, Guemdol Fortressin Sangju, Mt. Guemseong Fortress in Damyang, and Mt. Suin Fortress in Jangheung.
These protective fortresses were built on the highland of which height was over 600m andits circumference was 5~7km in general.
Since then, the protective fortresses on the rugged mountain were also used when 1stand 2nd invasion of Hapdan Tribes and Red Hood Tribes and Japanese pirates. At the endof Goryeo Dynasty when Goryeogradually could beat the Japanese pirates, they builtvillage fortresses on the plain land in coastal area and protected residents. In the earlyperiod of Joseon Dynasty, the government increased the number of navy forces, andassigned military ships to defense Japanese pirates, along with management of villagefortresses on a coastal area and mountain fortresses. As for the governmental organization to manage protective fortresses, continuousmanagement by nation had been kept at the10th Year of King Taejong in Joseon Dynasty. The protective fortresses during the GoryeoDynasty's War Period against Mongolian Invasion secured the accommodation spaces forprotection civilians and water resources prepared for long-time resistance. In that sense,the protective fortresses were reused based on defense theory after undergoing Imjin Warand Byeongja War in the latter part of Joseon Dynasty.

참고자료

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