代國에서 北魏로 ―拓跋 統治者의 性格 變化와 漢人士族의 收用― (From Daiguo(代國) to Beiwei(北魏) Kingdom ―Changes to the Nature of Tuoba rulers(拓跋統治者) and the acceptance of Chinese noble families(漢人士族)―)

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초록

Replacing the conclusion, this section will investigate how Damudi(道武帝)'s identity as a monarch was different from the identities of the Tuoba rulers(拓跋統治者) during the Daiguo(代國) Period including Shiyiqian(什翼犍). The effort would provide circumstantial evidence about how the acceptance of Chinese noble families(漢人士族) and contact with the midland culture changed the nature of their regime.
Damudi's pursuit of Hebei(河北) began with a practical cause, which was to suppress the opposing power inside BeiWei Kingdom. He indeed used the outside force of Houyan(後燕) to solve the problems within BeiWei Kingdom and strengthen his own authority. Houyan was the ruler of the midland in name those days, but it had a deadly weakness, which was the controversy over succession to the throne among the monarchs of royal families that dominated the military forces. Damudi turned the situation in favor of his military strategy. Before going on a campaign to conquer Houyan, he overwhelmed many villages around Shanxi(山西) several times and secured the military personnel and horses for the upcoming war. He also included many Tuoba royal members(拓跋宗室) in the invasion of Hebei to solidify the connections. After the campaign, he conducted a series of service examination and granted awards whose service was deemed to be beneficial to his cause, thus eradicating those who were not favorable to him. Those military acts he took claimed more than the significance as a campaign whose nature as a nomad expedition was strong.
He did not take an aggressive approach toward Houyan in the beginning. He first dominated Shanxi before advancing into Hebei in the form of alliance with xiyan(西燕). He refused to become a member of the Houyan-centric international community or part of the distant barracks of Houyan. He was able to take those actions because BeiWei Kingdom was relatively more stable than other regimes as far as the controversy over succession to the throne, which frequently happened in nomad kingdoms, was concerned.
He was confident that his kingdom was more powerful including military preparations, and the midland situations in the late 4th century were much more unstable than the Daiguo Period including the Shiyiqian(什翼犍) Period. As a result, there was plenty of room for Damudi to intervene. There were relatively fewer external threats to Daiguo during the Shiyiqian Period when Qianzhao(前趙), Houzhao(後趙), Qianyan(前燕) and Qianqin(前秦) were confronting against one another. However, the Xiongnu(匈奴) Tiefubu(鐵弗部) was strong, and it was not easy to subjugate them.
Shiyiqian too made use of external elements to gain power after returning from Houzhao. He rearranged the bureaucratic organizations following the example of Xijin(西晉) and recruited Chinese people in the process. He also formed Jinxi(近侍) groups with the children of tribal leaders and powerful clans, trying to resolve inside confrontations by maintaining the tribal system inside Daiguo. He especially maintained the marriage relationships with Qianyan and established friendship with Houzhao, which is probably because his power as a monarch was not strong enough to encompass the farms and pastures those days. Daiguo remained as one of the members of the international community evolving around Jin(晉), going through Tuoba Liwei(力微), Yiyi(猗㐌) and Yilu(猗盧) Period. It was part of Jin's military alliance when the situations of Beibian(北邊) were unstable including Bingzhou(幷州) and Youzhou(幽州) as Liuyuan(劉淵) and Shilei(石勒) invaded the midland in late Xijin. Jin's installations were able to support the political authority of the Tuoba rulers. Having some land allocated to it based on Jin's installations, Daiguo expanded its power to Bingzhou and Jizhou(冀州) of Hebei and summoned the Chinese people living in Beibian. It was a good example in the opposition to Damudi's refusal of Houyan's installations.
However, they were not powerful enough to dominate the regional hegemony by replacing Jin because the Chinese people of Beibian chose to go over to Daiguo for their own safety as Liuyuan and Qianzhao invaded the midland. Installations for Daiguo and allocating land were the next best policies to overcome the current difficulties. The Tuobabu(拓跋部) secured some ground after Jin's installations and land allocation, built a capital city in the Chinese style, and included Chinese people in the regime, thus establishing the ruling system. The Chinesee people, however, would not fully recognize the authority of Daiguo and Daiwang(代王). In addition, many forces inside Daiguo were not tolerant of the situation in which the monarch was willing to give up their unique ‘nomad nature.’ They had to wait for another period until their regime transformed from a nomad country into an agricultural kingdom.
The next focus should be on the various policies the Tuoba rulers took to secure their authority as monarchs. Damudi changed the name of the kingdom into ‘Wei(魏)’ after the conquest of Houyan, thus announcing the foundation of an empire to cover Shanxi and Hebei. He then accepted Chinese people and borrowed their experiences with the midland culture to rule the empire smoothly. He was forced to transform himself into an agricultural monarch in the process and searched for many measures to strictly inherit the principles of Rujiazhiguo(儒家治國) of the midland dynasties. That does not mean, however, that he only persisted on virtuous ruling. With a nomad origin, BeiWei used punishment as one of its means to realize virtuous ruling. At least Damudi tried to keep his nature as an agricultural monarch.
Moving onto the Tuoba rulers during the Daiguo Period, Shiyiqian picked ‘Jianguo(建國)’ as the title of his kingdom after his succession to the throne in 338 and set up a bureaucratic system in the Xijin style. He also installed the Jinxi positions to strengthen his own authority. However, he did not intend to cause rapid changes to the tribal system. In addition, he applied the selection criteria of Jinxi based on the applicants' origins, and the applicants were usually the talented children of tribal leaders and powerful clans. Those situations are not specific enough to conclude that he sought after the foundation of a midland dynasty. He made various plans including going south and moving the capital, but his plans were turned down by other forces inside the tribe including the empress. At that time, he was nothing more than a nomad monarch based on the tribal system.
Such an aspect was more distinguished before Shiyiqian, and conflicts over success to the throne continued to prevail inside the tribe after him including Liwei. They still stuck to their unique way of success to the throne. They strictly remained as the members of the tribe. It is estimated that many Chinese people would have a difficult time agreeing upon the tribal system that was unique to a nomad country. Considering those aspects, it was only natural that the tribal system continued after Shiyiqian was enthroned. Acceding to the throne in the middle of fierce controversy over enthronement, Shiyiqian was not able to attempt to break down the tribal system or cause rapid changes to it realistically.

영어초록

Replacing the conclusion, this section will investigate how Damudi(道武帝)'s identity as a monarch was different from the identities of the Tuoba rulers(拓跋統治者) during the Daiguo(代國) Period including Shiyiqian(什翼犍). The effort would provide circumstantial evidence about how the acceptance of Chinese noble families(漢人士族) and contact with the midland culture changed the nature of their regime.
Damudi's pursuit of Hebei(河北) began with a practical cause, which was to suppress the opposing power inside BeiWei Kingdom. He indeed used the outside force of Houyan(後燕) to solve the problems within BeiWei Kingdom and strengthen his own authority. Houyan was the ruler of the midland in name those days, but it had a deadly weakness, which was the controversy over succession to the throne among the monarchs of royal families that dominated the military forces. Damudi turned the situation in favor of his military strategy. Before going on a campaign to conquer Houyan, he overwhelmed many villages around Shanxi(山西) several times and secured the military personnel and horses for the upcoming war. He also included many Tuoba royal members(拓跋宗室) in the invasion of Hebei to solidify the connections. After the campaign, he conducted a series of service examination and granted awards whose service was deemed to be beneficial to his cause, thus eradicating those who were not favorable to him. Those military acts he took claimed more than the significance as a campaign whose nature as a nomad expedition was strong.
He did not take an aggressive approach toward Houyan in the beginning. He first dominated Shanxi before advancing into Hebei in the form of alliance with xiyan(西燕). He refused to become a member of the Houyan-centric international community or part of the distant barracks of Houyan. He was able to take those actions because BeiWei Kingdom was relatively more stable than other regimes as far as the controversy over succession to the throne, which frequently happened in nomad kingdoms, was concerned.
He was confident that his kingdom was more powerful including military preparations, and the midland situations in the late 4th century were much more unstable than the Daiguo Period including the Shiyiqian(什翼犍) Period. As a result, there was plenty of room for Damudi to intervene. There were relatively fewer external threats to Daiguo during the Shiyiqian Period when Qianzhao(前趙), Houzhao(後趙), Qianyan(前燕) and Qianqin(前秦) were confronting against one another. However, the Xiongnu(匈奴) Tiefubu(鐵弗部) was strong, and it was not easy to subjugate them.
Shiyiqian too made use of external elements to gain power after returning from Houzhao. He rearranged the bureaucratic organizations following the example of Xijin(西晉) and recruited Chinese people in the process. He also formed Jinxi(近侍) groups with the children of tribal leaders and powerful clans, trying to resolve inside confrontations by maintaining the tribal system inside Daiguo. He especially maintained the marriage relationships with Qianyan and established friendship with Houzhao, which is probably because his power as a monarch was not strong enough to encompass the farms and pastures those days. Daiguo remained as one of the members of the international community evolving around Jin(晉), going through Tuoba Liwei(力微), Yiyi(猗㐌) and Yilu(猗盧) Period. It was part of Jin's military alliance when the situations of Beibian(北邊) were unstable including Bingzhou(幷州) and Youzhou(幽州) as Liuyuan(劉淵) and Shilei(石勒) invaded the midland in late Xijin. Jin's installations were able to support the political authority of the Tuoba rulers. Having some land allocated to it based on Jin's installations, Daiguo expanded its power to Bingzhou and Jizhou(冀州) of Hebei and summoned the Chinese people living in Beibian. It was a good example in the opposition to Damudi's refusal of Houyan's installations.
However, they were not powerful enough to dominate the regional hegemony by replacing Jin because the Chinese people of Beibian chose to go over to Daiguo for their own safety as Liuyuan and Qianzhao invaded the midland. Installations for Daiguo and allocating land were the next best policies to overcome the current difficulties. The Tuobabu(拓跋部) secured some ground after Jin's installations and land allocation, built a capital city in the Chinese style, and included Chinese people in the regime, thus establishing the ruling system. The Chinesee people, however, would not fully recognize the authority of Daiguo and Daiwang(代王). In addition, many forces inside Daiguo were not tolerant of the situation in which the monarch was willing to give up their unique ‘nomad nature.’ They had to wait for another period until their regime transformed from a nomad country into an agricultural kingdom.
The next focus should be on the various policies the Tuoba rulers took to secure their authority as monarchs. Damudi changed the name of the kingdom into ‘Wei(魏)’ after the conquest of Houyan, thus announcing the foundation of an empire to cover Shanxi and Hebei. He then accepted Chinese people and borrowed their experiences with the midland culture to rule the empire smoothly. He was forced to transform himself into an agricultural monarch in the process and searched for many measures to strictly inherit the principles of Rujiazhiguo(儒家治國) of the midland dynasties. That does not mean, however, that he only persisted on virtuous ruling. With a nomad origin, BeiWei used punishment as one of its means to realize virtuous ruling. At least Damudi tried to keep his nature as an agricultural monarch.
Moving onto the Tuoba rulers during the Daiguo Period, Shiyiqian picked ‘Jianguo(建國)’ as the title of his kingdom after his succession to the throne in 338 and set up a bureaucratic system in the Xijin style. He also installed the Jinxi positions to strengthen his own authority. However, he did not intend to cause rapid changes to the tribal system. In addition, he applied the selection criteria of Jinxi based on the applicants' origins, and the applicants were usually the talented children of tribal leaders and powerful clans. Those situations are not specific enough to conclude that he sought after the foundation of a midland dynasty. He made various plans including going south and moving the capital, but his plans were turned down by other forces inside the tribe including the empress. At that time, he was nothing more than a nomad monarch based on the tribal system.
Such an aspect was more distinguished before Shiyiqian, and conflicts over success to the throne continued to prevail inside the tribe after him including Liwei. They still stuck to their unique way of success to the throne. They strictly remained as the members of the tribe. It is estimated that many Chinese people would have a difficult time agreeing upon the tribal system that was unique to a nomad country. Considering those aspects, it was only natural that the tribal system continued after Shiyiqian was enthroned. Acceding to the throne in the middle of fierce controversy over enthronement, Shiyiqian was not able to attempt to break down the tribal system or cause rapid changes to it realistically.

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