당-고려 인사행정에서 시행된 관인 심사제도의 비교사적 검토 (A Comparative Historical Review of the Official Verification System Implemented in the Tang Dynasty and Koryo Personnel Administration)

서지정보

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· 저자명 : 박재우, 顾成瑞

초록

This paper aims to examine comparative historically the system that examined whether officials who received government posts in the personnel administration of the Tang and Goryeo were eligible for it.
The Tang's bureaucracy spread widely in east asian society, and Goryeo accepted it, established a bureaucracy and operated a personnel system. However, the Goryeo system did not follow the Tang's system. Therefore, it is meaningful to review the verification system comparative historically in the personnel administration of the Tang and Goryeo.
The Tang's personnel procedures and verification system were divided into two according to the grade and importance of government posts. The 5th or higher and special government posts were recommended by the ministers and selected by the emperor, while the 6th or lower grades were selected by the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs and appointed by the emperor.
In the process of drafting personnel orders or issuing personnel orders to go through Chancellery for State Affairs, the 5th or higher and special government posts were reviewed. For the 5th or higher and special government posts, the government officials were examined when the Imperial letter drafted or distributed and passed through Chancellery for State Affairs. For those with 6th or lower grades, the list was submitted to the emperor after the selection of the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs was completed, and the officials were reviewed in the process of passing through Department of State Affairs and Chancellery for State Affairs.
The personnel administration and the verification system of Goryeo were quite different from those of the Tang Dynasty. First of all, Goryeo did not distinguish the method of personnel administration according to the high and low of government posts. Therefore, the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs selected the entire civil service officers and military officers, did not give the ministers the right to personnel affairs.
Next, the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs posted the results of the selection to the king and received approval, but it was directly delivered to the king without passing through Department of State Affairs and Chancellery for State Affairs. In Goryeo, the way of operating the three chancelleries six branches of the cabinet system was different from Tang, so it was directly told between the king and the six branches of the cabinet system. Therefore, the official verification was not conducted until the king's approval was obtained.
In addition, all of the Tang Dynasty's letters of appointment were prepared and issued after deliberation by Chancellery for State Affairs, enabling qualification screening for all government officials. However, in Goryeo, not all letters of appointment were prepared and issued after deliberation by Department of Royal Secretariat-Chancellery because the type of letters of appointment was different from Tang Dynasty. Therefore, it was difficult to create a system to examine the official verification in relation to the issuance of a letter of appointment. When this happened, Goryeo established a system of the review candidates recommended for office implemented by the ministers and censorate officials to examine the government officials.
The Tang Dynasty's distribution of personnel rights and screening system is aimed at reducing favoritism and wrongdoing in the selection process. In particular, high-ranking officials were selected through consultation between the monarch and the ministers, and provided a lot of information to review through Policy Reviewer and advice from officials. This was characterized by negotiation politics. The system of Goryeo of the review candidates recommended for office system prevented the king's arbitrary selection of government officials, respected the king's right to make decisions on personnel appointments, and had the character of consulting between the king and the bureaucrats.

영어초록

This paper aims to examine comparative historically the system that examined whether officials who received government posts in the personnel administration of the Tang and Goryeo were eligible for it.
The Tang's bureaucracy spread widely in east asian society, and Goryeo accepted it, established a bureaucracy and operated a personnel system. However, the Goryeo system did not follow the Tang's system. Therefore, it is meaningful to review the verification system comparative historically in the personnel administration of the Tang and Goryeo.
The Tang's personnel procedures and verification system were divided into two according to the grade and importance of government posts. The 5th or higher and special government posts were recommended by the ministers and selected by the emperor, while the 6th or lower grades were selected by the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs and appointed by the emperor.
In the process of drafting personnel orders or issuing personnel orders to go through Chancellery for State Affairs, the 5th or higher and special government posts were reviewed. For the 5th or higher and special government posts, the government officials were examined when the Imperial letter drafted or distributed and passed through Chancellery for State Affairs. For those with 6th or lower grades, the list was submitted to the emperor after the selection of the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs was completed, and the officials were reviewed in the process of passing through Department of State Affairs and Chancellery for State Affairs.
The personnel administration and the verification system of Goryeo were quite different from those of the Tang Dynasty. First of all, Goryeo did not distinguish the method of personnel administration according to the high and low of government posts. Therefore, the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs selected the entire civil service officers and military officers, did not give the ministers the right to personnel affairs.
Next, the Ministry of Civil Personnel and the Ministry of Military Affairs posted the results of the selection to the king and received approval, but it was directly delivered to the king without passing through Department of State Affairs and Chancellery for State Affairs. In Goryeo, the way of operating the three chancelleries six branches of the cabinet system was different from Tang, so it was directly told between the king and the six branches of the cabinet system. Therefore, the official verification was not conducted until the king's approval was obtained.
In addition, all of the Tang Dynasty's letters of appointment were prepared and issued after deliberation by Chancellery for State Affairs, enabling qualification screening for all government officials. However, in Goryeo, not all letters of appointment were prepared and issued after deliberation by Department of Royal Secretariat-Chancellery because the type of letters of appointment was different from Tang Dynasty. Therefore, it was difficult to create a system to examine the official verification in relation to the issuance of a letter of appointment. When this happened, Goryeo established a system of the review candidates recommended for office implemented by the ministers and censorate officials to examine the government officials.
The Tang Dynasty's distribution of personnel rights and screening system is aimed at reducing favoritism and wrongdoing in the selection process. In particular, high-ranking officials were selected through consultation between the monarch and the ministers, and provided a lot of information to review through Policy Reviewer and advice from officials. This was characterized by negotiation politics. The system of Goryeo of the review candidates recommended for office system prevented the king's arbitrary selection of government officials, respected the king's right to make decisions on personnel appointments, and had the character of consulting between the king and the bureaucrats.

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