唐代 保辜制度의 規定과 適用事例에 대한 一考察 (A Study on Regulations and Application Examples of the Baogu System in the Tang dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 대구사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 대구사학 / 138권 / 179 ~ 211페이지
· 저자명 : 박구철

초록

폭행사건이나 상해사건이 발생하면 피해자의 피해 상황의 변화에 따라 가해자에 대한 刑量을 정해야 한다. 이와 관련한 법률 규정에 의거하여 운영된 시스템이 바로 保辜制度이다. 保辜制度는 피해자의 회복상태를 파악할 필요성이 있다고 보고 일정한 회복기간을 두어 회복상태를 파악한 후 회복상태의 여하에 따라 가해자에 대해 定罪量刑하는 제도를 지칭한다. 일정한 기한이 바로 보고기한에 해당하는 辜限이다. 保辜制度가 완비되기 시작한 시점에 관해서는 여러 가지 견해가 있을 수 있지만, 중국 대륙학계에서는 唐代로 보는 견해가 일반적이다.
본고에서는 唐代 保辜制度에 대해 개괄적으로 검토하고 아울러 보고제도의 적용사례에 대해서도 검토하였다. 唐代 保辜制度에서 보고기한은 10일, 20일, 30일, 50일 모두 4종류가 있었다. 이 중에서 10일부터 30일까지의 보고기한은 폭행을 행사할 때 사용한 도구를 기준으로 설정한 기한이며, 50일은 피해자의 상해 상황에 의거하여 규정된 기한이다. 唐代 保辜制度가 적용되는 범위는 폭행죄의 경우에는 상해의 유무와 관계없이 보고기한이 설정되었으며, 상해죄의 경우에는 폭행의 유무와 관계없이 보고기한을 설정되었다.
保辜制度는 당시의 의료수준의 한계, 관료를 포함한 귀족들의 법률적 특권의 존재, 지방관과 가해자와의 유착관계의 존재가능성, 상해와 살해와의 인과관계에 대한 불명확한 해명 등과 같은 한계성이 존재한 위에 운용되었을 것으로 추정된다. 이로 인해 여러 가지 측면에서 불법적인 행위도 발생하였을 수도 있다. 하지만 형사사건에 대한 손해배상과 직접적인 관계는 없지만 가해자가 피해자에 대한 도의적 책임을 다하도록 유도하는데 일정한 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 이는 가해자가 간병 등과 같이 人身으로 배상하게 하는 간접적인 배상방법이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 각종 의료비용도 부담했을 것이므로 실질적으로는 일정 정도의 직접적 배상역할도 했다고 볼 수 있을 것이다.

영어초록

The Baogu System guaranteed the victim's convalescence within a fixed period by law, which is called ‘Baogu Period(保辜期限)’, to check a victim's condition of recovery after an assault incident or an injury case. There are relatively lots of records on the Baogu System in the Tang dynasty in terms of the quality and quantity and it is concretely specified in the law. This paper examines the Baogu Period and its range of applications, the relation between Baogu Period and punishment, and application examples of Baogu Period. In the Tang dynasty, the Baogu System had four terms of Baogu Period such as 10, 20, 30, and 50 days. The Baogu Period which has 10, 20, and 30 days was determined based on the kit of violence and the Baogu Period of 50 days was determined based on a victim's degree of injury. The Baogu System was generally applied to violence crime or a charge of injuring. In terms of the application range of Baogu System, violence crime had the Baogu Period irrespective of injuries and a charge of injuring also had the Baogu Period irrespective of violence.
First, after the Baogu Period, violence crime or a charge of injuring could changed into a charge of murder. Second, if the causal relationship between a victim's death and injuries or violence was not clear, violence crime or a charge of injuring applied to cases that a victim died during or after the Baogu Period. Third, if a victim's condition was improved after the Baogu Period, the punishment could be mitigated.
The Baogu System of the Tang dynasty has three characteristic cases. First, the Baogu System was applied to the case that a criminal died during the flogging execution. Bureaucrats implicated in the case also were penalized. Second, a bureaucrat was sentenced to a severe punishment because the bureaucrat, who took a bribe from a victim, caused a death of a criminal who during the Baogu Period after a flogging execution. The case indicates that illegal activities related with the Baogu Period were made by bureaucrats. Third, the Baogu System was applied to the case such as a traffic accident. Although a victim generally could require the Baogu Period, an assailant also could require the court to set the Baogu Period. The court required an assailant to make a guarantor who stand joint surety and the guarantor was also penalized if the assailant escaped or failed to perform a duty. The guarantor and assailant had to stay in a certain area and take measures for a victim.
The Baogu System had illegal activities because it had limits such as limitation of medical state, the legally privileged class including bureaucrats and aristocrats, possibility of close relationship between a local government official and an assailant, and vague elucidation about the causal relationship between injuries and homicide. Although the Baogu System had no direct connection with compensation for damages, it played an important role to make an assailant fulfill his moral responsibility for a victim. The Baogu System was a kind of indirect compensation for damages to provide manpower such as nursing. In addition, the Baogu System played an role as direct compensation for damages in providing medical costs. Therefore, the Baogu System performed functions as liability of compensation as well as criminal reconciliation between an assailant and a victim.

참고자료

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