唐 후반기 京師와 東都로 가는 州의 교통노선 (The Route to the Capital(Zhangan) and the Eastern Capital(Luoyang) from Prefectures in Late Tang)

서지정보

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· 저자명 : 김성한

초록

In the late Tang period, the routes to Luoyang via Zhangan from each Prefecture and the reverse routes from Luoyang to each Prefecture via Zhangan are exactly same. Therefore, it is not difficult to confirm the routes from each Prefectures to Zhangan and Luoyang if the distance from each Prefecture either to Zhangan or to Luoyang. However, in case that the route from a Prefecture to Zhangan or Luoyang and the reverse route are not identical, it becomes very difficult to decide the route because of errors in records. If we took some errors in records into consideration, we could assume the routes from each Prefecture to Zhangan and Luoyang.
In the late Tang period, there are several types of routes from each Prefecture to Zhangan and Luoyang: the Prefectures from where one could reach Zhangan via Luoyang, the Prefectures from where one could travel to Luoyang via Zhangan, the Prefectures that have the routes to Zhangan or Luoyang via Deng-zhou which is located in the midway between the two capital cities. The other Prefectures are located either between Zhangan and Luoyang or to the South or North of the two capital cities. In order to go from those Prefectures to Zhangan, one should travel through one of the such Prectures as Fang-zhou(坊州), Tong-zhou(同州), Hua-zhou(華州), or Shang-zhou(商州); to go to Luoyang, one must pass through Huai-zhou(懷州), Jiang-zhou(絳州), Shan-zhou(陝州), or Ru-zhou(汝州). Among those Prefectures, Cai-zhou(蔡州), from which one can Zhangan and Luoyang via Ru-zhou, is the final destination of the route named "810 Route". The seventeen Prefectures including Guang-zhou(光州) and Shen-zhou(申州) have the routes reaching, through Cai-zhou, Ru-zhou where the route bifurcates either to Zhangan or to Luoyang. The route is called "810" because the difference in distances from those Prefectures to Zhangan and to Luoyang is 810 li.
In order to go to Zhangan from most Prefectures located in Guannei-dao(關內道) in the Northern borderland, one should travel through Fang-zhou, but from Dan-zhou(丹州) one should go through Tong-zhou. Those Prefectures have the routes to Luoyang that mostly pass through the Prefectures located in the area of Hedong-dao(河東道), and only Hua-zhou has the route passing through Shan-zhou in the region of Henan-dao(河南道). From Feng-zhou(豐州), Sheng-zhou(勝州) and Lin-zhou(麟州), one could go Luoyang through Lan-zhou(嵐州); from Xinyou-zhou(新宥州), Xia-zhou(夏州), Yin-zhou(銀州), and Sui-zhou(綏州), via Shi-zhou(石州); from Dan-zhou, via Ci-zhou(慈州); from Yan- zhou(延州), Fu-zhou(鄜州), Fang-zhou and Tong-zhou, via Pu-zhou(蒲州). From all the Prefectures located in Hedong-dao, one should go to Zhangan via Pu-zhou; in order to go to Luoyang, via Ze zhou(澤州), Jiang-zhou and Shan-zhou. From such Prefectures as Yun-zhou(雲州), Shuo-zhou(朔州), Wei-zhou(蔚州), Dai-zhou(代州), Xin-zhou(忻州), Lan-zhou, Taiyuan-fu(太原府), Shi-zhou, Fen-zhou(汾州), and Qin-zhou(沁州), one should pass through Ze-zhou; from those Prefectures like Xi-zhou(隰州), Jin-zhou(晉州), and Ci-zhou through Jiang-zhou; from Pu-zhou via Shan-zhou in Henan-dao.
In the case of Southern area, in order to go to Zhangan from the Prefectures located in the western areas of Henan-dao and Huainan-dao(淮南道) and Jiangnan-dao(江南道), and Tang-zhou(唐州) located in Eastern part of Shannan-dao(山南道), one should take the routes from Ru-zhou via Guo-zhou(虢州) to Hua-zhou. And from a few Prefectures in the Eastern area of Shannan-dao such as Fang-zhou(房州), Jun-zhou(均州), and Deng-zhou(鄧州), one should go through Shang-zhou. In order to go to Luoyang from most Prefectures of those areas, one should go Ru-zhou, except Shang-zhou and Guo-zhou from which one should take the road to Shan-zhou. In order to go to Luoyang from Zhangan, one should take a route via Hua-zhou and Shan-zhou to Luoyang; the route from Luoyang to Zhangan is exactly the reverse.
Among the 300 Prefectures in the period of late Tang, there were about 85 Prefectures from which one should go to Luoyang via Zhangan because they were located in the South-West and the North-West areas of Zhangan. There were 86 Prefectures from which one should go to Zhangan via Luoyang since they were located in the South-East and North-East area of Luoyang. There were 76 Prefectures, located in the South to Zhangan, from which one should go to Deng-zhou and then to either Zhangan or Luoyang. And there were other 55 Prefectures, located in the midway between Zhangan and Luoyang or to the South or North of the two capital cities. With this, we could decide all 302 routes from every Prefectures to Zhangan or Luoyang. There still remain some Prefectures in the region of LIngnan, from which we cannot identify the routes to the capital cities because the record is not clear enough. However, because almost all the routes to the capital cities are confirmed, it does not seem to be difficult to find recorded material based on which we can look into the relationships between the governor's jurisdictions of Surveillance and the station system, the comparative relationship to the previous period's routes, and the relationships between topographies and badao(八到)'s records.

영어초록

In the late Tang period, the routes to Luoyang via Zhangan from each Prefecture and the reverse routes from Luoyang to each Prefecture via Zhangan are exactly same. Therefore, it is not difficult to confirm the routes from each Prefectures to Zhangan and Luoyang if the distance from each Prefecture either to Zhangan or to Luoyang. However, in case that the route from a Prefecture to Zhangan or Luoyang and the reverse route are not identical, it becomes very difficult to decide the route because of errors in records. If we took some errors in records into consideration, we could assume the routes from each Prefecture to Zhangan and Luoyang.
In the late Tang period, there are several types of routes from each Prefecture to Zhangan and Luoyang: the Prefectures from where one could reach Zhangan via Luoyang, the Prefectures from where one could travel to Luoyang via Zhangan, the Prefectures that have the routes to Zhangan or Luoyang via Deng-zhou which is located in the midway between the two capital cities. The other Prefectures are located either between Zhangan and Luoyang or to the South or North of the two capital cities. In order to go from those Prefectures to Zhangan, one should travel through one of the such Prectures as Fang-zhou(坊州), Tong-zhou(同州), Hua-zhou(華州), or Shang-zhou(商州); to go to Luoyang, one must pass through Huai-zhou(懷州), Jiang-zhou(絳州), Shan-zhou(陝州), or Ru-zhou(汝州). Among those Prefectures, Cai-zhou(蔡州), from which one can Zhangan and Luoyang via Ru-zhou, is the final destination of the route named "810 Route". The seventeen Prefectures including Guang-zhou(光州) and Shen-zhou(申州) have the routes reaching, through Cai-zhou, Ru-zhou where the route bifurcates either to Zhangan or to Luoyang. The route is called "810" because the difference in distances from those Prefectures to Zhangan and to Luoyang is 810 li.
In order to go to Zhangan from most Prefectures located in Guannei-dao(關內道) in the Northern borderland, one should travel through Fang-zhou, but from Dan-zhou(丹州) one should go through Tong-zhou. Those Prefectures have the routes to Luoyang that mostly pass through the Prefectures located in the area of Hedong-dao(河東道), and only Hua-zhou has the route passing through Shan-zhou in the region of Henan-dao(河南道). From Feng-zhou(豐州), Sheng-zhou(勝州) and Lin-zhou(麟州), one could go Luoyang through Lan-zhou(嵐州); from Xinyou-zhou(新宥州), Xia-zhou(夏州), Yin-zhou(銀州), and Sui-zhou(綏州), via Shi-zhou(石州); from Dan-zhou, via Ci-zhou(慈州); from Yan- zhou(延州), Fu-zhou(鄜州), Fang-zhou and Tong-zhou, via Pu-zhou(蒲州). From all the Prefectures located in Hedong-dao, one should go to Zhangan via Pu-zhou; in order to go to Luoyang, via Ze zhou(澤州), Jiang-zhou and Shan-zhou. From such Prefectures as Yun-zhou(雲州), Shuo-zhou(朔州), Wei-zhou(蔚州), Dai-zhou(代州), Xin-zhou(忻州), Lan-zhou, Taiyuan-fu(太原府), Shi-zhou, Fen-zhou(汾州), and Qin-zhou(沁州), one should pass through Ze-zhou; from those Prefectures like Xi-zhou(隰州), Jin-zhou(晉州), and Ci-zhou through Jiang-zhou; from Pu-zhou via Shan-zhou in Henan-dao.
In the case of Southern area, in order to go to Zhangan from the Prefectures located in the western areas of Henan-dao and Huainan-dao(淮南道) and Jiangnan-dao(江南道), and Tang-zhou(唐州) located in Eastern part of Shannan-dao(山南道), one should take the routes from Ru-zhou via Guo-zhou(虢州) to Hua-zhou. And from a few Prefectures in the Eastern area of Shannan-dao such as Fang-zhou(房州), Jun-zhou(均州), and Deng-zhou(鄧州), one should go through Shang-zhou. In order to go to Luoyang from most Prefectures of those areas, one should go Ru-zhou, except Shang-zhou and Guo-zhou from which one should take the road to Shan-zhou. In order to go to Luoyang from Zhangan, one should take a route via Hua-zhou and Shan-zhou to Luoyang; the route from Luoyang to Zhangan is exactly the reverse.
Among the 300 Prefectures in the period of late Tang, there were about 85 Prefectures from which one should go to Luoyang via Zhangan because they were located in the South-West and the North-West areas of Zhangan. There were 86 Prefectures from which one should go to Zhangan via Luoyang since they were located in the South-East and North-East area of Luoyang. There were 76 Prefectures, located in the South to Zhangan, from which one should go to Deng-zhou and then to either Zhangan or Luoyang. And there were other 55 Prefectures, located in the midway between Zhangan and Luoyang or to the South or North of the two capital cities. With this, we could decide all 302 routes from every Prefectures to Zhangan or Luoyang. There still remain some Prefectures in the region of LIngnan, from which we cannot identify the routes to the capital cities because the record is not clear enough. However, because almost all the routes to the capital cities are confirmed, it does not seem to be difficult to find recorded material based on which we can look into the relationships between the governor's jurisdictions of Surveillance and the station system, the comparative relationship to the previous period's routes, and the relationships between topographies and badao(八到)'s records.

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